tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6520260128364771802024-03-13T20:01:27.579-07:00سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛نقدم الاستشارة بأبسط أسلوب ... وبأدق التفاصيل ... وبأسرع وقت ممكن ... ؛Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.comBlogger169125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-69420375622806098452014-06-22T21:19:00.004-07:002014-12-21T13:17:04.831-08:00الدنيا مسألة .... حسابية ،،، خذ من اليوم .. عبرة ،،، ومن الأمس .. خبرة<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span lang="AR-SA">أيمن محمد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA">عبداللطيف محمد خالد</span><span dir="LTR"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span dir="LTR">A</span><span dir="LTR">iman </span><span dir="LTR">M</span><span dir="LTR">ohamed </span><span dir="LTR">A</span><span dir="LTR">bdullatif </span><span dir="LTR">M</span><span dir="LTR">ohamed </span><span dir="LTR">K</span><span dir="LTR">haled</span><span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span lang="AR-SA">اختصاصي النطق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA">واللغة</span><span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span dir="LTR">Speech and Language Specialist</span><span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-68396685578476625692014-06-18T01:28:00.001-07:002014-12-21T13:32:31.931-08:0010 Ways to Improve Your Communications Skills<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">10 Ways to Improve Your Communications Skills</span></span></h1>
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<span class="the-time updated" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); word-wrap: break-word;">March 20, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://i2.wp.com/www.geraldgillis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/7054375-podio-de-roble-aislada-sobre-fondo-blanco-con-microfono.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="7054375-podio-de-roble-aislada-sobre-fondo-blanco-con-microfono" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-231" src="http://i2.wp.com/www.geraldgillis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/7054375-podio-de-roble-aislada-sobre-fondo-blanco-con-microfono.jpg?zoom=3&resize=121%2C150" height="150" scale="3" src-orig="http://i2.wp.com/www.geraldgillis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/7054375-podio-de-roble-aislada-sobre-fondo-blanco-con-microfono.jpg?resize=121%2C150" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in-out; border: 0px; float: right; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in-out; vertical-align: middle; word-wrap: break-word;" width="121" /></a>Webster’s defines communication as “an act or instance of transmitting.” Communication is about effective expression, and is very much a skill that can be acquired and improved. For these purposes, we will concentrate on verbal communication, and specifically the improvement thereof.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Communications skills are necessary for success in virtually any endeavor. Those who possess high levels of skill in communicating with others have an advantage in the marketplace of information and ideas. Unlike many other skills, effective communicators can take their expertise anywhere. Like any other skill, it must be practiced diligently to maintain and improve.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">While there are numerous methods for improving one’s communications skills, here are 10 suggestions for your consideration:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1.<em style="word-wrap: break-word;"> Always design your message to fit your audience</em>. This focuses the use of your words and builds discipline and economy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2.<em style="word-wrap: break-word;"> Always assume a lack of clarity</em>. Whether providing verbal instructions, giving a performance review, or chairing a meeting, always ensure that your communication removes any confusion or ambiguity. Repeat as needed. Repeat as needed. Did I mention repeat as needed?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3.<em style="word-wrap: break-word;"> Give verbal presentations</em>. Remember the book reports you used to give in class? The more you did, the better you got, right? Whether it’s a PowerPoint presentation on sales growth or a lecture on foreign affairs, get up in front of an audience and speak. Learn to deal with and overcome the nerves that precede; it’s rarely a fatal condition.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">4. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Become a better listener</em>. Some of the best communicators are some of the greatest listeners. Conversely, some of the poorest communicators are often some of the worst listeners. Make a conscious effort to become a better listener. Listening is more than an interlude between your own sentences. Hear your audience. I assure you they will notice.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">5. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Get feedback from others</em>. Ask friends or colleagues to critique your speaking for both content and delivery. Do you show impatience or frustration and thus limit your effectiveness? Are you too condescending or too inhibited? Ask for candid, constructive criticism. And don’t get offended; get better. Put the feedback to good use.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">6. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Find your voice</em>. Pay attention to the tone of your spoken words. Modulate the pitch and volume of your voice, as appropriate. Choose your words wisely and enunciate them correctly. Develop a style of speaking that fits you.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">7. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Observe others</em>. Find speakers who impress you with their abilities and study their differing styles. How well do they use humor? Do they show emotion? Are they inspiring? You don’t have to copy them, since you need a style that fits just you. You can certainly borrow, however. And you certainly should.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">8. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Make good eye contact</em>. Look at your audience, whether an assemblage of hundreds or a single individual across a desk. You can become far more aware of how your message is being received by looking at, rather than looking past, your audience. This is common sense but so very often uncommon practice.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">9. <em style="word-wrap: break-word;">Be passionate</em>. This is not to say you should be obnoxious or all-knowing. In fact, it is almost always better to be humble. It is to suggest, however, that your audience should feel your energy and enthusiasm, as appropriate.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">10. <em id="__mceDel" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Keep speaking. </em>Keep developing your skills. Keep building your confidence. You will reap what you sow in this area of your life, as in others.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Good luck and good communicating!</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-7216117831537261512014-01-19T14:15:00.002-08:002014-12-21T14:15:05.957-08:00Communication Skills<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication Skills</span></h1>
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<img align="right" alt="Communication Skills" border="0" src="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/images/Communication%20Skills.png" longdesc="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/communication-skills/The%20four%20communication%20skills%20are:%20thinking,%20listening,%20speaking,%20and%20nonverbal." style="height: 272px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; width: 400px;" title="Communication Skills" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication skills (or the lack of communication skills) can have a large impact on your success in both your business and personal life. Communication skills learned at an early age will provide you with the skills that you need to interact successfully with a wide variety of people and situations, while a lack of communication skills will make it more difficult for you to get what you want out of life.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Here are the four major communication skills and how they impact your ability to communicate effectively.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication Skill #1 - Thinking</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">You may not recognize thinking as being a communication skill, but having a clear idea of symbolic internal reality (see the <a href="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/definition-of-communication.html" target="_new" title="Definition Of Communication">definition of communication</a>) you want to convey to another person or group of people is the beginning of effective communication.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">If you don’t have the idea straight in your own mind, don’t be surprised if others get a different idea from your communication than what you thought you intended to say.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication Skill #2 – Listening</span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/effective-listening-skills.html" target="_new" title="Effective Listening Skills">Effective listening</a> allows you to enter the reality of the other person and understand what their internal symbolic reality is. Only when you do this are you able to communicate effectively by understanding what they are sharing with you, even if it is very different from your personal perspective.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">You can’t truly communicate with someone else of you don’t understand their internal reality.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication Skill #3 – Speaking</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">The third communication skill that leads to effective communication is your selection of words and the voice tones that you use when you speak them. While this may the part that most people concentrate on, research has revealed that <a href="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/nonverbal-communication/" target="_new" title="Nonverbal Communication">nonverbal communication</a> has more impact than the actual words that you use. In fact, the nonverbal portion of the communication can actually change the meaning of the words that you say.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Communication Skill #4 – Nonverbal Communication</span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.maximumadvantage.com/nonverbal-communication/" target="_new" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a> is the communication skill that usually receives little thought because it happens automatically. We actually learn to communicate nonverbally at a very young age ( a baby crying) and are able to communicate quite effectively using only nonverbal communication.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-size: large;">Here is more detailed information about nonverbal communication.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-34925625426264991042013-11-15T11:18:00.003-08:002013-11-15T11:18:25.043-08:00سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛ 3<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-22755415193396137782013-11-15T11:17:00.006-08:002013-11-15T11:17:49.879-08:00سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛ 2<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-54250832759759609932013-11-15T11:17:00.002-08:002013-11-15T11:17:25.270-08:00سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛ 1<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
سما للاستشارات النطقية والسمعية ... ؛</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-43732533796859026642013-10-25T10:52:00.005-07:002013-10-25T10:54:40.516-07:00Serving Multilingual Clients With Hearing Loss ... How Linguistic Diversity Affects Audiologic Management<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serving Multilingual Clients With Hearing Loss ...</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
Linguistic Diversity Affects Audiologic Management</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by Ishara
Ramkissoon & Farhana Khan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These are exciting times for
audiologists serving clients from a myriad of cultural and linguistic
backgrounds. Linguistic diversity, especially, affects audiologic management.
Services are particularly affected when clients have limited English
proficiency (LEP) because test materials are usually available in English only.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The great majority of audiologists
in the United States—80%—are English speakers. However, the latest Census data
indicate that almost 14% of U.S. residents do not speak English, creating a
challenging clinical environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although little information is
available about the incidence of hearing loss among multilingual clients, a
2002 Gallaudet Research Institute survey reported that 8.9% of children who are
deaf or hard of hearing are from homes where more than one language is spoken
and 10.3% are from monolingual Spanish-speaking homes. Thus, audiologists need
specialized clinical knowledge to provide equitable services for such clients.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The client’s linguistic profile,
such as age, number of languages spoken, acquisition age for each language, and
proficiency in each language, affects audiological management. Linguistic
profiles can be quite variable. For example, a client reporting elective
bilingualism has decided to learn a second language and typically has
proficiency in both languages. Alternatively, a circumstantial bi/multilingual
person has learned several languages because of necessity in the communication
environment, and proficiency in each language may be variable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communicating with Multilingual
Clients</span></b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the language mismatch
between client and audiologist, appropriate clinical communication is
important. Sometimes, a rudimentary knowledge of the individual’s language is
insufficient to ensure an accurate interaction. Audiologists should have the
ability to adjust management when language barriers exist. For example,
enlisting interpreters or speech-language pathology/audiology (SLP/A)
assistants is often a worthwhile decision.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpreters are usually competent
in the client’s language, facilitating information gathering, giving test
instructions, and relaying evaluation feedback. Interpreters often share the
client’s social, cultural, or ethnic background and facilitate trust, comfort,
and acceptability in the clinical interaction. Interpreters or assistants are
particularly helpful during pediatric play audiometry. With training, they can
effectively condition young children to the task at hand, facilitating response
accuracy and improved test reliability. During audiologic rehabilitation
sessions, interpreters usually relay information because of the
clinician-client language barrier. Adequate training of interpreters and SLP/A
assistants is required for successful outcomes. Optimum use of interpreters
occurs in a symbiotic relationship with the audiologist, where appropriate
training is provided, and responsibilities, boundaries, and functional limits
are outlined. Clinical interaction is also enhanced when audiologists
demonstrate a basic understanding of the client’s language.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speech Audiometry</span></b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speech audiometry is most affected
by multilingualism because tests are language-based. Although English test
materials might not yield ideal outcomes for non-native speakers, they are
still popular because of their availability, longevity, research support, and
compatibility with the language of most audiologists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In clinical practice with
multilingual clients, we often observed that the measured speech recognition
threshold (SRT) did not match the pure-tone average (PTA), and was seldom
within the 5–6 dB clinical norm. SRT measurement is critical in diagnostic
audiology, providing an overall indication of hearing threshold for speech,
serving as a PTA reliability check, and providing a baseline for suprathreshold
tests. Therefore, audiologists have sought alternatives, such as using a subset
of a popular test or using tests in the client’s first language, when
available.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For LEP clients, audiologists often
modify the SRT test by reducing set size, and selecting only familiar words.
Set-size reduction is popular due to convenience, reduced test time, and because
it eliminates the need for alternate tests. However, research from Punch and
Howard indicated that it reduces measurement accuracy, yielding lower SRT
thresholds, which could lead to erroneous diagnostic conclusions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although language-specific tests
have been developed, their validity and perceptual saliency are questionable.
These tests are fairly new to audiology and lack clinical research support. The
primary drawback of all non-English speech tests is limited use and
applicability because audiologists are seldom proficient in the language of the
test. In addition, language-specific tests are useful for only one linguistic
group, and do not meet the needs of a multilingual community. Thus, they do not
solve the immediate problems facing English-speaking audiologists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Given the limitations of these
modified practices, audiologists need an alternate SRT test with
cross-linguistic appeal to accommodate clients from various linguistic
backgrounds. The digit-SRT test may be an appropriate solution because research
demonstrated its applicability in the United States for LEP, non-native
speakers of English. The digit-SRT test is also being used in South Africa and
its evaluation with other multilingual or non-native English speakers is
encouraged.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although not well understood,
multilingualism influences suprathreshold speech performance. In our
experience, multilingual clients had disproportionately poor test scores,
conflicting with clinical expectations based on pure-tone tests. Linguistic
background influences test performance in a unique manner; however, an overall
unfamiliarity with test words accounts for some discrepancy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suprathreshold speech tests are
often conducted in the presence of background noise to determine communication
handicap and evaluate central auditory processing ability. Hearing loss and
linguistic profile influence performance on these tests. For example, research
reviewed by von Hapsburg and Pena indicated that bilingual individuals have
poorer speech perception in noise compared to their monolingual counterparts,
suggesting that adding a challenging auditory environment to a test of
unfamiliar words negatively affected performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alternate suprathreshold tests were
formally developed in languages such as Spanish, French, and Arabic. However,
these tests have limited practical use because audiologists predominantly speak
English and the tests do not meet the needs of a multilingual clientele. In
addition, von Hapsburg and Pena’s review of Spanish suprathreshold tests
developed for monolingual listeners in the United States indicates that
bilingual participants were used to evaluate these tests, making their validity
questionable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Choices and Intervention</span></b><span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When hearing loss is severe or
profound, multilingualism becomes an important consideration in language
acquisition. There is very little research on bilingual language acquisition or
the effects of multilingualism on communication in children with hearing loss.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Communication choices for children
with hearing loss typically contrast manual and oral systems, with
multilingualism having variable effects on each. The choice of communication
system might be altered in different ways depending on the philosophy of the
parents, educators, and community. In general, oral schools in the United
States and Canada serving children from bilingual homes emphasize a
transitional approach to language acquisition. Families are encouraged to use
the home language with the child while moving toward proficiency in English.
Some schools begin early intervention in English, starting in parent-infant
programs while mainstream schools encourage home language use and development
until formal teaching begins. The empowerment method encourages parental
involvement and the integration of language and culture in communication
development.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research by Levi et al. indicates
that functional speech perception skills are not different between oral
multilingual and monolingual children; however, multilingual children in total
communication environments are at greater risk for slower development of speech
perception skills than their monolingual peers. It appears that adding a third
language in a total communication environment negatively influences development
of speech perception. Because this is an important consideration for
multilingual families making communication choices for their child with hearing
loss, audiologists should impart this information during the counseling
process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Sakkal Majalla"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In conclusion, increased awareness
of the impact of multilingualism on audiology practice has stimulated research,
but ultimately, the responsibility lies with individual audiologists to provide
equitable and relevant care.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أيمن
محمد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عبداللطيف محمد خالد</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iman </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ohamed </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bdullatif <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ohamed </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">haled</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">اختصاصي
النطق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">واللغة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speech and Language
Specialist</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-18052276071721730422013-05-25T23:10:00.008-07:002013-05-25T23:10:56.336-07:00مجموعة من النصائح لمعلمي الأطفال المعاقين سمعياً ...؛<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 6pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تعد عملية الاتصال جوهر استمرار الحياة الاجتماعية
وتطورها، فالحضارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الإنسانية حافظت على بقائها وتطورها من خلال عملية
الاتصال، وعملية التربية عامة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تقوم على الاتصال الفعال، ونجاح الطالب ضعيف السمع في
تحقيق الاتصال الفعال مع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المجتمع من حوله من الأهداف الرئيسة وراء تربيته</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ويجب أن يتم تخطيط وتنفيذ المحتوى التعليمي من خلال
معرفتنا بطرق التعامل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والاتصال المختلفة بضعاف السمع والتي تتلاءم مع
طبيعتهم وطبيعة الإمكانات البشرية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والمادية المتاحة، ومن هنا فيجب على كل معلم أن يراعي
بعض النقاط الخاصة بالمادة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">التعليمية وطرق توصيل المعلومات للطالب حتى نتمكن من
انجاز الأهداف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المرجوة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">توصيات لمعلم الصف ومعلم التربية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الخاصة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يجب على معلم الصف أن يركز</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">علــى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إدراك الطالب للغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فهم اللغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إنتاج اللغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إنتاج الكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فهم وإنتاج اللغة المكتوبة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الكفاءة التواصلية ــ اللغة المنطوقة
كأهم أسلوب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تواصل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مجموعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">من النصائح لمعلمي الأطفال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعوقين سمعياً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الأولى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يجب أن تحظي بانتباه الطفل عندما تتحدث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إليه، وقد يساعد في ذلك النقر بصوت عال على الطاولة
أو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تحريك اليدين، وفي
المناقشات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الجماعية، اطلب من
المتحدث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أن يشير بيديه إلي
الشخص الذي سيتكلم لاحقاً، إن الهدف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأساسي ـ من هذا الاقتراح ـ هو التأكد من أن الطفل المعوق سمعياً يعرف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مصدر المعلومات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">البصرية أو السمعية، وعلى أي حال، علي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعلم أن يدرك أن الانتباه البصري
المتواصل، قد يقود إلي التعب، ولذلك ينبغي توفير</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فترات للراحة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثانية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تحدث بصوت مسموع ( وليس بصوت مرتفع )،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ولتكن سرعتك ـ أيها المعلم ـ في الكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">متوسطة، فالكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بطريقة مبالغ فيها قد تجعل عملية قراءة الشفاه
والكلام أمراً صعباً، وحتى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تصبح
عملية قراءة الشفاه سهلة، انظر إلي الطفل وجهاً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">لوجه، طالما كان باستطاعتك أنتفعل ذلك وحاول أيها
المعلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أن تتواصل بالعينين
مع الطفل، وتجنب التحرك في غرفة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الصف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بسرعة،
وعندما تستخدم السبورة أنتظر حتى ينتهي من الكتابة عليها، قبل أن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تتكلم، وذلك من أجل ألا تفوت الطفل الأصم
الكلمات التي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تقولها
وأنت تنظر إلى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">السبورة،
وحاول ألا تحجب رؤية شفتيك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بكتاب،
أو بقلم أو بأي شيء آخر وأن تتكلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثالثة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أعد صياغة الفكرة التي تشرحها أو السؤال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الذي تطرحه، وذلك حتى يصبح مفهوماً أكثر للطفل المعوق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">سمعياً، ويجب أن تكون تعليمات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الاختبار والواجبات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المنزلية، والملاحظات المتعلقة بالمناقشة وأية
تعليمات أخرى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مكتوبة،
وقد تحتاج أيها المعلم إلي توضيح الأسئلة، وتكرارها أثناء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المناقشات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">السريعة، ومع أن الطفل المعوق سمعياً قد يحتاج</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إلي المساعدة في بادئ الأمر، من</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">خلال قيام شخص يتمتع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بقدرات سمعية عادية بتسجيل الملاحظات
للطفل الأصم مثلاً، إلاأنه من الأهمية بمكان كبير السماح للطفل الأصم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بالاستقلالية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الرابعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">استخدام المعينات البصرية إلي الحد الأقصى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الممكن بما في ذلك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الشفافيات، والأفلام، والشرائح،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والسبورة وما إلي ذلك، وتجنب ـ أيها المعلمة ـ أنيكون</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مصدر المعلومات في أماكن إضاءة ضعيفة،
واستبدال مصادر المعلومات، أو التنقل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيغرفة الصف بسرعة قد يعطل أو يعيق عملية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الفهم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الخامسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">شجع تطور مهارات التواصل بما فيها الكلام،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">وقراءة الشفاه، والهجاء الإصبعي،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والتواصل اليدوي، وشجع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أيضاً استخدام القدرات السمعية المتبقية
لدي الطفل، وشجعه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">كذلك على
أن يطرح الأسئلة من خلال توفير جو يخلو من التهديد، ولا يشعر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيه الطفل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بالحرج، لما قد يبدو له على أنه أسئلة غير</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مناسبة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة السادسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">احصل على التغذية الراجعة من الطفل للتأكد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">من أنه يفهم، وكمعلم ـ كن حذراً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيما يتعلق بالصعوبات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">التي يواجهها الطفل في نطق بعض الألفاظ وبعض
التعبيرات، وإذااتضح لك أن الطفل لا يفهم، أعد صياغة المعلومات، واترك الطفل يوضح
لك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أنه يفهم، وقد يكون
عليك أن تخفف من سرعة التواصل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة السابعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">اترك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الطفل
يجلس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">في المكان الذي يسمح
له بالإفادة من المعلومات البصرية، والإفادة من الطلاب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الآخرين، فضلاً عن الإفادة منك كمعلم، واتركه يغير
مقعده ليتوفر له ذلك في</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">جميع
المواقف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثامنة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">عند تقديم المعلومات المهمة،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تأكد من فهم الطفل المعوق سمعياً لها، فهناك حاجة إلي أن يقوم أحد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأشخاص بتكرار</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعلومات التي تقدم عبر إذاعة المدرسة،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أو الوسائل المسموعة الأخرى للتأكد من أن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الطفل المعوق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">سمعياً قد فهمها، وفي حالات الطوارئ، قد يكون من
المناسب أن تستخدم نظاماً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ضوئياً
معروفاً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة التاسعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تعرف على المعينات السمعية، فقد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يكون باستطاعتك استبدال بطاريات السماعة الطبية، أو
خفض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بعض أنواع الأصوات،
وكن على</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">معرفة بالتغيرات التي
تطرأ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">على السمع، بسبب
إصابة الطفل بالأنفلونزا، أو التهابات الأذن أو الأمراض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأخرى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 25pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أيمن محمد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">عبداللطيف محمد خالد</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">iman</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ohamed</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">bdullatif</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ohamed</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">K</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">haled</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">اختصاصي النطق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">واللغة</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Speech and Language Specialist</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-57043896984430644722013-05-25T23:10:00.005-07:002013-05-25T23:10:30.390-07:00مجموعة من النصائح لمعلمي الأطفال المعاقين سمعياً ...؛<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 6pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تعد عملية الاتصال جوهر استمرار الحياة الاجتماعية
وتطورها، فالحضارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الإنسانية حافظت على بقائها وتطورها من خلال عملية
الاتصال، وعملية التربية عامة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تقوم على الاتصال الفعال، ونجاح الطالب ضعيف السمع في
تحقيق الاتصال الفعال مع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المجتمع من حوله من الأهداف الرئيسة وراء تربيته</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ويجب أن يتم تخطيط وتنفيذ المحتوى التعليمي من خلال
معرفتنا بطرق التعامل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والاتصال المختلفة بضعاف السمع والتي تتلاءم مع
طبيعتهم وطبيعة الإمكانات البشرية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والمادية المتاحة، ومن هنا فيجب على كل معلم أن يراعي
بعض النقاط الخاصة بالمادة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">التعليمية وطرق توصيل المعلومات للطالب حتى نتمكن من
انجاز الأهداف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المرجوة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">توصيات لمعلم الصف ومعلم التربية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الخاصة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يجب على معلم الصف أن يركز</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">علــى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إدراك الطالب للغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فهم اللغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إنتاج اللغة المنطوقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إنتاج الكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فهم وإنتاج اللغة المكتوبة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الكفاءة التواصلية ــ اللغة المنطوقة
كأهم أسلوب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تواصل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003300; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مجموعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">من النصائح لمعلمي الأطفال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعوقين سمعياً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الأولى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يجب أن تحظي بانتباه الطفل عندما تتحدث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إليه، وقد يساعد في ذلك النقر بصوت عال على الطاولة
أو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تحريك اليدين، وفي
المناقشات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الجماعية، اطلب من
المتحدث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أن يشير بيديه إلي
الشخص الذي سيتكلم لاحقاً، إن الهدف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأساسي ـ من هذا الاقتراح ـ هو التأكد من أن الطفل المعوق سمعياً يعرف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مصدر المعلومات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">البصرية أو السمعية، وعلى أي حال، علي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعلم أن يدرك أن الانتباه البصري
المتواصل، قد يقود إلي التعب، ولذلك ينبغي توفير</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فترات للراحة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثانية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تحدث بصوت مسموع ( وليس بصوت مرتفع )،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ولتكن سرعتك ـ أيها المعلم ـ في الكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">متوسطة، فالكلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بطريقة مبالغ فيها قد تجعل عملية قراءة الشفاه
والكلام أمراً صعباً، وحتى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تصبح
عملية قراءة الشفاه سهلة، انظر إلي الطفل وجهاً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">لوجه، طالما كان باستطاعتك أنتفعل ذلك وحاول أيها
المعلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أن تتواصل بالعينين
مع الطفل، وتجنب التحرك في غرفة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الصف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بسرعة،
وعندما تستخدم السبورة أنتظر حتى ينتهي من الكتابة عليها، قبل أن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تتكلم، وذلك من أجل ألا تفوت الطفل الأصم
الكلمات التي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تقولها
وأنت تنظر إلى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">السبورة،
وحاول ألا تحجب رؤية شفتيك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بكتاب،
أو بقلم أو بأي شيء آخر وأن تتكلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثالثة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أعد صياغة الفكرة التي تشرحها أو السؤال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الذي تطرحه، وذلك حتى يصبح مفهوماً أكثر للطفل المعوق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">سمعياً، ويجب أن تكون تعليمات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الاختبار والواجبات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المنزلية، والملاحظات المتعلقة بالمناقشة وأية
تعليمات أخرى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مكتوبة،
وقد تحتاج أيها المعلم إلي توضيح الأسئلة، وتكرارها أثناء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المناقشات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">السريعة، ومع أن الطفل المعوق سمعياً قد يحتاج</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">إلي المساعدة في بادئ الأمر، من</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">خلال قيام شخص يتمتع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بقدرات سمعية عادية بتسجيل الملاحظات
للطفل الأصم مثلاً، إلاأنه من الأهمية بمكان كبير السماح للطفل الأصم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بالاستقلالية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الرابعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">استخدام المعينات البصرية إلي الحد الأقصى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الممكن بما في ذلك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الشفافيات، والأفلام، والشرائح،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والسبورة وما إلي ذلك، وتجنب ـ أيها المعلمة ـ أنيكون</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مصدر المعلومات في أماكن إضاءة ضعيفة،
واستبدال مصادر المعلومات، أو التنقل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيغرفة الصف بسرعة قد يعطل أو يعيق عملية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الفهم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الخامسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">شجع تطور مهارات التواصل بما فيها الكلام،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">وقراءة الشفاه، والهجاء الإصبعي،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">والتواصل اليدوي، وشجع</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أيضاً استخدام القدرات السمعية المتبقية
لدي الطفل، وشجعه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">كذلك على
أن يطرح الأسئلة من خلال توفير جو يخلو من التهديد، ولا يشعر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيه الطفل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بالحرج، لما قد يبدو له على أنه أسئلة غير</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">مناسبة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة السادسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">احصل على التغذية الراجعة من الطفل للتأكد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">من أنه يفهم، وكمعلم ـ كن حذراً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">فيما يتعلق بالصعوبات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">التي يواجهها الطفل في نطق بعض الألفاظ وبعض
التعبيرات، وإذااتضح لك أن الطفل لا يفهم، أعد صياغة المعلومات، واترك الطفل يوضح
لك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أنه يفهم، وقد يكون
عليك أن تخفف من سرعة التواصل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة السابعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">اترك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الطفل
يجلس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">في المكان الذي يسمح
له بالإفادة من المعلومات البصرية، والإفادة من الطلاب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الآخرين، فضلاً عن الإفادة منك كمعلم، واتركه يغير
مقعده ليتوفر له ذلك في</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">جميع
المواقف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة الثامنة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">عند تقديم المعلومات المهمة،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تأكد من فهم الطفل المعوق سمعياً لها، فهناك حاجة إلي أن يقوم أحد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأشخاص بتكرار</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">المعلومات التي تقدم عبر إذاعة المدرسة،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أو الوسائل المسموعة الأخرى للتأكد من أن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الطفل المعوق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">سمعياً قد فهمها، وفي حالات الطوارئ، قد يكون من
المناسب أن تستخدم نظاماً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ضوئياً
معروفاً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">النصيحة التاسعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تعرف على المعينات السمعية، فقد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">يكون باستطاعتك استبدال بطاريات السماعة الطبية، أو
خفض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">بعض أنواع الأصوات،
وكن على</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">معرفة بالتغيرات التي
تطرأ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">على السمع، بسبب
إصابة الطفل بالأنفلونزا، أو التهابات الأذن أو الأمراض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">الأخرى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: black; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 25pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">أيمن محمد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">عبداللطيف محمد خالد</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #4a442a; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">iman</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ohamed</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">bdullatif</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">M</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ohamed</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: green; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">K</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">haled</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">اختصاصي النطق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">واللغة</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span dir="LTR" style="color: #003366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Speech and Language Specialist</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-42231744502387313062013-05-22T12:39:00.001-07:002013-05-22T12:39:09.811-07:00 The Process of Articulation Therapy ...<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/articulation_process2-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1924" height="671" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/articulation_process2-1.jpg" title="Articulation Process" width="520" /> </h2>
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<span style="color: #660000;"> The Process of Articulation Therapy:</span></h2>
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For those of you that have read some of my previous posts on how to
teach specific sounds you may have noticed a pattern. That’s because
when teaching kids how to say sounds there IS a general pattern I follow
even though each specific sound changes. I wanted to outline this for
you because if you understand this pattern, it will make teaching the
sounds so much easier!</div>
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Before I get into the details of this process, please understand that
there are many other factors that affect speech intelligibility such as
hearing loss, apraxia, oral motor deficits, sensory issues, and
phonological processes to name a few, but I will not be addressing any
of these here. This post is intended to simply explain the basic
structure of articulation therapy and how you can work with your child
on their sounds.</div>
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So, let’s get started! The very first thing I want to know as a
Speech Language Pathologist is what sounds does the child have
difficulty with. As a parent you could probably list them without a
problem. If you do need some help you may want to see a speech
pathologist and they can help you identify them. They can do an
articulation assessment that will tell you exactly what sounds your
child is struggling with, what position of the word (begining, middle or
ending) they are struggling with it in, and what sound if any they are
substituting it with. They can also tell how your child compares to
other children their age. So, after I have outlined the problem sounds I
like to check for stimulability.</div>
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<strong>Stimulability</strong></div>
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What is <em>stimulability</em>? A child is “stimulable” if he or she
can say the sound in direct imitation of the therapist or parent. If the
child is stimulable or can say the sound then you have cause to
celebrate. That means your job is going to be so much easier! If the
child cannot say the sound, you’ll have some work to do. You’ll need to
teach them how to say the sound. This is called sound <em>elicitation</em>.</div>
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<strong>Sound Elicitation</strong></div>
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Sound elicitation is the process you go through to teach the child
how to say the targeted sound. For example, if a child cannot say the
/th/ sound in imitation you break down the process for them. You might
say, “Put your tongue between your teeth then blow.” After the sound is
learned, meaning they can say it accurately in imitation of you then
practice the sound in isolation.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1927" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_isolation3.jpg" title="sound in isolation" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Isolation</strong></div>
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Practicing a sound in isolation means saying the sound all by itself
without adding a vowel. For example, if you are practicing the /t/ sound
you would practice saying /t/, /t/, /t/ multiple times in a row. The
more accurate repetitions you are able to get your child to produce the
better. I am satisfied with 10 accurate repetitions in a row. When you
are satisfied they can say the sound in isolation you are ready to move
on to syllables.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1928" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_syllables1.jpg" title="sound in syllables" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Syllables</strong></div>
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Practicing a sound in syllables simply means adding each vowel after
the target sound, before the target sound, and before and after the
target sound, being sure to practice the long and short form of each
vowel.</div>
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For example if the target sound was /s/ “after the target sound”
would be “sa, se, si, so, and su.” This is called “initial syllable
production”, meaning the target sound is in the beginning of the
syllable.</div>
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If the target sound was /p/ then placing the vowel “before the target
sound” would be “ap, ep, ip, op, and up. This is called “final syllable
production”, meaning the target sound is at the end of the syllable.</div>
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If the target sound is /k/ then placing the vowel “before and after
the target sound” would be, “ako, eki, ika, oku, and ukee. Of course
there are multiple variations. This is called “medial syllable
production”, meaning the target sound is in the middle of the syllable.</div>
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When I introduce the syllables I like to see in which position the
child has the easiest time producing the target sound. If the child is
the most successful with the target sound in the initial (beginning)
position of syllables I will begin work on the target sound in initial
position of words. If the child has more success with the target sound
in the final position of syllables then I would begin working on the
target sound in the final position of words.</div>
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So the plan here is to work on the position they are having the most
success with but not a position that is currently not a problem for
them. For example, a child may exhibit a typical error pattern, or
phonological process of final consonant deletion. This means they leave
off the ending of most of their words. While the child can say the /m/
sound in the initial position of words with no difficulty, they never
say it at the end of words. In this instance it is obvious that the
sound in the initial position would not be a problem for them and would
not be the place to start. Instead you would most likely begin work on
the final position of the word.</div>
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Once your child can say the sound in syllables you can move the sound into words.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1929" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_words1.jpg" title="sound in words" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Words</strong></div>
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At this point you have decided which position of the word you want to
target and will begin practicing word cards in the initial, medial or
final position of the word. I am satisfied with 80% accurate independent
productions before I move on to the next step, which is using the word
in a sentence. Meaning, I don’t count it as correct if the child says it
in imitation of me. If I have to model a word for a child I will often
put that word card back in the rotation for them to say again. After all
the cards have been said we go back and practice the word cards that
were in error.</div>
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There are so many ways to make practicing word cards fun. I sometimes
make a snake and put a little incentive such as an m&m or a fish
cracker every 3-5 cards. I have also fed the cards to puppets after they
have been said, hid them around the room and gone on a hunt to look for
them, as well as played memory, go fish and other fun card games. Be
creative this makes it more fun for both of you!<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1930" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_sentences1.jpg" title="sound in sentences" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Sentences</strong></div>
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My favorite way to practice sounds in sentences is with a “rotating
sentence”. In a rotating sentence only the word card changes. For
example, your sentence might read, “Put ________ in pink purse.” Then
you rotate all your practice cards through the sentence. This is an
especially great way to practice sentences for young children who can’t
read yet. They are able to memorize the sentence, or use visual cues to
help them read it aloud. You are also able to maximize the production of
your target sound when you use a sentence with two or three target
words in it. You may find my sentences for the different sounds on the <a href="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/?page_id=55" target="_blank">worksheets</a> page.</div>
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With older children, I have them write their own sentences using
their target words. When a child has articulated 16/20 or 80% correct I
have them move to stories.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1931" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_stories1.jpg" title="sound in stories" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Stories</strong></div>
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Practicing the sound in stories is not a step that is typically
recommended. In fact it is more common to move straight from sentences
to conversation. I have found that with the addition of this step I have
more success moving the sound into conversation.</div>
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For my younger children I like to prepare a story for them to
practice using the sound cards they have been practicing. You may use
the stories I have created on my <a href="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/?page_id=55" target="_blank">worksheets</a> page. I try to include as many picture clues as I can so young children can retell the story without being able to read.</div>
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I have asked older clients to write their own stories using the word
cards. They usually come up with very creative stories that are very
entertaining for both of us.</div>
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After the child has mastered reading the story aloud with 80%
accuracy I have them retell me the story without reading it. This is
just another small step toward getting an accurate production of the
target sound in conversation. Once they can do this I move them to
conversation.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1932" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_conversation1.jpg" title="sound in conversation" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Sound in Conversation</strong></div>
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In the therapy setting this step can be a little more tricky. I like
to use a conversation jar. I have probably 200+ questions in my
conversation jar that get my clients talking and telling me all about
themselves. It also gives me a more controlled environment where I can
track their progress in conversation. You may also consider centering
conversation topics around some of the target words they have mastered.
However you decide to do it be sure to set a specified time to focus on
the correct production of the target sound during conversation. Be sure
to correct any inaccurate productions of the target sound at this time.<br />
<img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1933" height="126" src="http://mommyspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sound_in_generalization.jpg" title="generalization" width="341" /><br />
<strong>Generalization</strong></div>
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Once the sound has been mastered in words, sentences, stories and in
conversation you want to watch for generalization across all the
contexts of language. If the child you are working with seems to be
having difficulty generalizing the target sound go back and practice the
words, sentences and stories again until they are able to produce the
sound correctly in daily speech. </div>
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A quick review… First practice the sound in isolation, then in
syllables, words, sentences, stories, conversation and finally
generalizing the target sound in all contexts of language. When this
pattern is followed the child has a greater likelihood of success. The
only thing that changes in this process is how to elicit the different
sounds. This basic pattern of how to teach the sounds remains the same.</div>
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I hope this will give you a good starting point in working with the
“misarticulations” in your child’s speech. Remember to be patient, and
to make it fun!</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-25279953298705619522013-05-22T12:14:00.004-07:002013-05-22T12:14:39.887-07:00Teaching Speech Sounds: The Process of Articulation Therapy ...<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #660000;">Teaching Speech Sounds: The Process of Articulation Therapy</span></h2>
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<br /><a href="http://heatherspeechtherapy.com/category/articulation/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Articulation"></a></div>
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<a href="http://heatherspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000014739158XSmall-1-11.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-532" height="300" src="http://heatherspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000014739158XSmall-1-11-300x225.jpg" title="iStock_000014739158XSmall-1-1" width="400" /></a></div>
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Teaching kids how to say speech sounds they can’t produce is called
“Articulation Therapy.” As a speech-language pathologist I assess what
sounds need to be learned and then systematically train a child how to
produce them. It is one of the most rewarding things I do.</div>
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<span id="more-526"></span></div>
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I love when it begins to click and I can see my clients producing their sounds correctly and confidently.</div>
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I have created several <a href="http://heatherspeechtherapy.com/worksheets/" title="Worksheets">worksheets</a>
for you to use with your child or your students, but I thought that it
would be helpful for me to explain the process of how to teach these
sounds. There are many reasons a child might not be able to say a
certain sound(s). Some of those may be related to apraxia of speech,
phonological disorders, cranio-facial anomalies (i.e. cleft lip/palate),
etc. Those special cases will not be discussed right now in this post.
I will be explaining a traditional articulation therapy hierarchy. It
is a brief and basic outline you can use when teaching your child or
student to produce certain sounds he/she is struggling to say.</div>
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It is always a good idea to check with your local speech-language
pathologist so they can fully assess your child’s speech and language
needs. A speech therapist will usually give an Articulation Test to see
which sounds are in error and in which part of the word (beginning,
middle, or end). Once this is determined, they will see if those errors
are typical for kids of that age or not. They will then recommend
therapy if necessary.</div>
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Just to let you know – there are a few different ways of teaching
speech sounds to kids. I’m going to walk you through what is known as
the “Traditional Articulation Therapy” approach. Depending on the age,
number of sounds in errors, and other underlying factors an SLP may
choose to use a different approach – again, just another good reason to
consult with your local SLP! They will be happy to help you and your
child!</div>
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Okay, let’s go through each step of the traditional process of articulation therapy!</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #339966;">1. ISOLATION</span></strong></h2>
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The first thing you want to do is see if your child can make the
sound by itself. We call this first level ‘isolation’. See if they can
copy you as you model how to say the individual sound. Have them
really listen and watch you say the sound first and then copy you. If
they can correctly imitate you – this is great! We would then say that
they are stimulable for that sound, meaning they can physically produce
it! (i.e. lift their tongue into the right spot in their mouth, etc.)
Now you would begin to help incorporate that good speech sound into all
levels of speech!</div>
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At the isolation level, you can begin to model the correct sound
production in your everyday speech with your child. Try to highlight and
emphasize it whenever you say it. Print out some of the worksheets
that have their sound in them and talk about the words and the pictures
with your child. Using the conversational re-cast is another great
tool! It is so simple and effective. If you hear your child use an
incorrect sound (gag for dad) you would say something like this:</div>
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Child: ”I want to play with gag” (dad)!</div>
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Parent: ”Yes, you can play with <strong>D</strong>a<strong>D</strong> after lunch!”</div>
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You just re-say or re-cast the sentence your child just said, BUT you
emphasize the correct sounds. This is much better than asking your
child to continually repeat their words or sentences – which can be so
frustrating for kids. By hearing you say the correct sound immediately
after they have made the error, they are getting the feedback they need!</div>
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If your child cannot imitate you at all, then you would want to begin
teaching them where to put their tongue in their mouth in order to say
the certain sound (i.e. behind upper teeth (for /t/ or /d/ sounds) or
(in the back of the throat for /k/ or /g/ sounds).</div>
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<span style="color: lime;"><strong>2. SYLLABLES </strong></span></h2>
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The second level in the process of articulation therapy is called the
‘syllable level’. This is when we pair the individual sound (which they
should be able to produce now) with a vowel. At this level, you would
use the long and short vowel sounds along with the target sound.</div>
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Let’s say you are working on the /t/ sound. Here is how you
introduce that sound in syllables in all positions (beginning, middle,
and end). Have your child practice saying the sound at the beginning
of the syllable: tay, tea, tie, toe, to. Then at the end of the
syllable: at, et, it, ot, ut. Then finally in the middle of the
syllable: atta, etta, itta, otto, uttu. Once your child can say the
sound at the syllable level, you can move on to words!</div>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #99cc00;"><strong>3. WORDS</strong></span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Now it’s time to put that sound into real words! Start with the beginning of the word using the <a href="http://heatherspeechtherapy.com/worksheets/" title="Worksheets">worksheet</a>
pages to make cards. Then move to the end and then the middle of the
word. You can also go on a treasure hunt in your home and hunt for
things that have the target sound in them! For example, you and your
child (or client if you are an SLP) can search for things containing
their sound. See how many you can find! You could even hunt for things
with their target sound at the grocery store, at the park, in books,
etc!</div>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><strong>4. PHRASES</strong></span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Now that your child has their sound down in single words, you are
ready to increase the level of difficulty again by adding a few more
words to the mix! A phrase is simply using their target sound in
combination with a couple words. Let’s use the /t/ sound again as an
example. Here are some phrases with the /t/ sound: ”Too much fun”,
“Take the car” ”time to eat” “count to three” etc. Use words that have
the target sound in the beginning, middle, and end.</div>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff9900;"><strong>5. SENTENCES </strong></span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
The sentence level just adds more words to the phrase to make a
complete sentence. This level is more difficult because it requires the
child to maintain correct speech sound production while adding other
words to express a complete thought! Whew! That can be a lot for some
kids to remember! Just keep practicing! It may take lots of tries, but
they will get it. Use words that contain their sound in all positions
of the word (beginning, middle, and end). Have them practice saying
their the target sound in the beginning of words in sentences: “A big
_________” (insert the words: tree, toad, tiger, etc.). Then have your
child practice using their target sound at the end of words in
sentences: ”The funny ______ is under the table” (insert final /t/
words: cat, rat, boat, etc.). Do the same for medial /t/.</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
It is fun when the sentences are silly! You can talk about why the
sentences are silly. Ask your child why it’s silly for a boat to be
under the table or what a funny boat looks like? Have them use their
imaginations! They could draw a picture of a “funny boat” and tell you
about it using their good /t/ sound.</div>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>6. READING (Or Oral Story-Telling for non-readers)</strong></span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
If your child can read, you will then be able to introduce books and
have them read to you while continuing to produce their target sound
correctly. If your child is not yet a reader, have them tell you
stories they make up. They can also retell a story you have told them.
I love this level because my students are professionals at telling me
stories!</div>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #993300;">7. CONVERSATION</span></strong></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
This is the last level! Once your child has progressed through
reading/story-telling, they should be ready to use their target sounds
during their everyday speech. You can continue to re-cast their
sentences if they forget to use their correct sound. You can also
remind them to use their “good __ sound!” if you hear an error. By this
time, there should only be occasional errors. Producing their target
sound should be almost effortless and very automatic.</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #990000;">Remember to have fun and to be patient! This can take a lot of time,
but your child will get it! Please let me know how you are doing with
this approach. I love hearing stories about how therapy is going!</span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-15470005341168389102013-04-29T11:16:00.002-07:002013-04-29T11:16:35.304-07:00ما هي المتطلبات التي يجب توافرها في الكوادر البشرية داخل برامج التوحد ؟<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ما هي المتطلبات التي يجب توافرها في</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الكوادر البشرية داخل برامج
التوحد ؟</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">المجال الأول ـ الكوادر البشرية :</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وهناك عدة متطلبات في
هذا المجال كما يلي : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن
يقوم على البرنامج التربوي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أشخاص من
المتخصصين في التربية الخاصة على</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مستوى
البكالوريوس على الأقل ( مسار</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التوحد
أو الاضطرابات السلوكية والانفعالية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> (
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وفي
حالة عدم توفر هذا المؤهل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">فيشترط أن
يكون حاصلاً على مؤهل تربوي جامعي على الأقل بالإضافة إلى دبلوم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تربية خاصة ( مسار توحد
أو اضطرابات سلوكية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وانفعالية )
بعد البكالوريوس لا تقل مدته عن سنة دراسية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مساعد
معلم على أن لا يقل مؤهله عن ثانوية عامة مع دبلوم أو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">دورة تدريبية لا تقل عن فصل دراسي كامل في التربية الخاصة (
توحد / اضطرابات سلوكية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وانفعاليه )
.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفر
اختصاصي الخدمات المساندة في البرنامج مثل اختصاصي التواصل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">والعلاج</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الوظيفي
والعلاج الطبيعي والإرشاد النفسي والتحليل السلوكي والتشخيص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">والتقويم في التربية الخاصة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">العمل كفريق متعدد التخصصات ، مع تحمل مسئولية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مشتركة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تنظيم دورات تدريبية
أثناء الخدمة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن يكون المشرف على</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">برامج التوحد متخصصاً في
هذا المجال .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛ </span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-47910370814315105982013-04-29T11:15:00.001-07:002013-04-29T11:15:20.379-07:00ما هي طرق التعلم عند الأطفال التوحديين ؟؟ <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;">ما
هي طرق التعلم عند الأطفال التوحديين ؟؟ </span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>هذه عبارة
عن ملخص لمحاضرة ألقتها د . كاثلين كيل </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Kathleen Quill</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> حول طرق تعزيز التعلم عند الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد حيث بدأت بشرح
أهمية فهم الطريقة التي يفكر بها هؤلاء الأطفال، ثم قامت بعرض طريقة التفكير
الإدراكي والاجتماعي عند هؤلاء الأطفال، ثم شرحت الطرق التي تساعد على تعزيز
التعلم من خلال استخدام الأعمال الروتينية المعتادة وأدوات التعليم المرئي .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">التفكير الإدراكي
والتواصل الاجتماعي :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تقدم
كتابات تمبل جراندن ، ودونا ويليامس ، وغيرها وسيلة لفهم كيف يفكر الأشخاص
المصابون بالتوحد ، حيث يظهر من خلال هذه الكتابات اعتماد الأشخاص المصابين
بالتوحد على طريقة من التفكير تتميز بالتالي ( في معظم الأحيان ) : </span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التفكير بالصور وليس
الكلمات .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عرض الأفكار على شكل
شريط فيديو في مخيلتهم ، الأمر الذي يحتاج إلى بعض الوقت لاستعادة الأفكار .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">صعوبة في معالجة سلسلة
طويلة من المعلومات الشفهية .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">صعوبة الاحتفاظ بمعلومة
واحدة في تفكيرهم ، أثناء محاولة معالجة معلومة أخرى .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يتميزوا باستخدام قناة
واحدة فقط من قنوات الإحساس في الوقت الواحد .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لديهم صعوبة في تعميم
الأشياء التي يدرسونها أو يعرفونها .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لديهم صعوبات في عدم
اتساق أو انتظام إدراكهم لبعض الأحاسيس .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وتبين
المعلومات المتوفرة حول التواصل الاجتماعي لدى هؤلاء الأفراد أنه من المحتمل أن : </span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تكون لديهم صعوبات في
فهم دوافع الآخرين وتصوراتهم حول المواقف الاجتماعية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يواجهوا صعوبة في معالجة
المعلومات الحسية التي تصل لديهم ، مما يؤدي إلى وجود عبء حسي </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">sensory
overload</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يستخدموا العقل بدلاً من
المشاعر في عمليات التفاعل الاجتماعي .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ولذلك
، وبناء على افتراض أن التلاميذ التوحديين يكتسبوا المعلومات بطريقة مختلفة ، فإنه
يجب أن يكون هنالك توافق بين أساليب التعلم عند هؤلاء التلاميذ ، وطرق عرض المواد
لهم ، حيث يجب أن يبدأ المعلمون بالعمل على الاستفادة من نقاط القوة عند التلاميذ
التوحديين ، وقد أكدت الدكتورة كيل على أنه من أجل خلق بيئة تعليمية مساعدة يجب
على المعلمين أن يقوموا بوضع بنية ثابتة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Structure</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> أثناء التدريس</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;">البنيـــــة
الثابتــــة</span><span lang="AR-AE" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;">Structure</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></div>
<h3 dir="RTL" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; font-weight: normal;">تعتبر
البنية الثابتة من الأمور الحيوية عند تدريس الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد ، ويمكن
تعزيز الأنشطة ببنية ثابتة تعتمد على :</span></h3>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تنظيم المواد المطلوبة
للدرس .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وجود تعليمات واضحة .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وجود نظام هيكلي لتقديم
التلميحات المساعدة للطفل ، بحيث لا يتم تقديم الإجابة أو الاستجابة المطلوبة
مباشرة ، بل يتم مساعدة الطفل على الوصول إلى الاستجابة المناسبة بتقديم تلميحات
تنتقل بالطفل من درجة إلى أخرى ( من السهولة ) حتى يصل إلى الاستجابة
المطلوبــــــــــــــــة .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">كما
يتم تعزيز البنية الثابتة باستخدام أعمال روتينية وأدوات مرئية مساعدة لا تعتمد
على اللغة ، فالروتينات المتكررة تسمح له بتوقع الأحداث ، مما يساعد على زيادة
التحكم في النفس والاعتمـــاد عليها ، فالتسلسل المعتاد للأحداث :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يوفر الانتظام وسهولة
التوقع بالأحداث .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يساعد على إنشاء نسق
ثابت لكثير من الأمور .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يوفر الاستقرار والبساطة
.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يجعل الفرد ينتظر الأمور
ويتوقعها ، الأمر الذي يساعد على زيادة الاستقلالية .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وهناك
ثلاثة أنواع للروتينات :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أولاً : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #993366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الروتينات
المكانية :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التي تعمل على ربط مواقع معينة بأنشطة معينة ، والتي يمكن أن
تكون على شكل جدول مرئي تُستخدم كجدول يومي للأنشطة . </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ثانياً :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #993366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">
الروتينات الزمانية :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التي تربط الوقت بالنشاط وتحدد بداية
ونهاية النشاط بشكل مرئي وواضح .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ثالثاً : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #993366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الروتينات الإرشادية :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التي
توضح بعض السلوكيات الاجتماعية والتواصلية المطلوبة .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وتعمل
الأدوات المرئية المساعدة على إضافة بنية ثابتة للتدريس ، حيث إنها ثابتة زمنياً
ومكانياً ويمكنها أن تعبر عن أنواع متعددة من المواد ، كالمواد المطبوعة ،
والأشياء الحسية الملموسة ، والصور ، وعادة ما نفترض أن الكلمات المطبوعة تعتبر
أصعب ، ولكن توضح الدكتورة كيل على أن هذا افتراض غير صحيح فالأدوات المرئية
المساعدة :</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تساعد الطفل على التركيز
على المعلومات .</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تعمل على تسهيل التنظيم
والبنية الثابتة .</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توضح المعلومات وتبين
الأمور المطلوبة .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تساعد الطفل في عملية
التفضيل بين أكثر من خيار .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تقلل من الاعتماد على
الكبار .</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تساعد على الاستقلال
والاعتماد على النفس .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">كما
أن الأنشطة المرئية مثل تجميع قطع الألغاز </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">puzzles</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> ، وحروف الهجاء ، والطباعة ، والكتابة ، وقراءة الكتب ، واستخدام
الكمبيوتر كلها تتميز بوجود بداية ونهاية واضحتين مما يساعد على وضوح تلك المهام .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;">مبادئ
التفاعل الاجتماعي :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #993366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عند تدريس التفاعل الاجتماعي قم باستخدام<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">سلسلة متوقعة من المواقف
الاجتماعية .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مجموعة معدة مسبقاً من
المحادثات الشفهية المنتظمة .</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">رسائل شفهية تتمشى مع
النشاط الحالي .</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاستخدام الآني للكلام
والأدوات المرئية المساعدة .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الوقفة كإستراتيجية من
استراتيجيات التعلم ، أي توقف بين فترة وأخرى .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">المبالغة ( في إظهار
العواطف مثلاً ... ) .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وباختصار
فقد بينت الدكتورة كيل أنه من الضروري جداً تطابق طرق التدريس مع طرق التعلم
الإدراكي الذهني والاجتماعي للشخص المصاب بالتوحد ، كما أن استخدام البنية الثابتة
على شكل روتينيات وأدوات مرئية مساعدة يعمل على تعزيز التعلم عند هؤلاء الأطفال .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">تحيتي ومودتي ... <span style="color: blue;">أيمن </span>... ؛ </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-47001989959060231852013-04-09T12:31:00.005-07:002013-04-29T11:17:47.343-07:00ما هي الخدمات التربوية والنفسية التي نقدمها لأبنائنا ذوي التوحد ؟<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ما هي الخدمات التربوية والنفسية التي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">نقدمها لأبنائنا ذوي التوحد ؟</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاكتشاف والتدخل المبكر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لتقديم الخدمات المناسبة
للتلميذ ذوي التوحد .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تقديم الخدمة في أقل
البيئات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عزلاً قدر
المستطاع مع مراعاة درجة وطبيعة الإعاقة لدى الطفل .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تبني الخطة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التربوية الفردية
وتفعيلها .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">استخدام
وتطبيق برامج تعديل السلوك المستمدة من</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التحليل السلوكي التطبيقي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(
Applied Behavior Analysis )</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>
من خلال إعداد وتنفيذ وتقييم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">برنامج
تعديل سلوك فردي حسب احتياج الطفل وطبيعة السلوك لديه .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تقييم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مستوى أداء الطفل قبل
وأثناء التحاقه بالبرنامج لمعرفة مستوى أدائه الحالي والذي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">على ضوئه يتم تصميم وتعديل البرنامج التربوي والتدريبي الفردي
له .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">إعطاء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الأولوية لتدريب الطفل
على المهارات الاستقلالية والاجتماعية والتواصلية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تدريس
مهارات مثل مهارات التكامل الحسي الحركي ، المهارات الأكاديمية الأساسية ،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مهارات الأمن والسلامة ،
مهارات التهيئة المهنية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تنظيم
بيئة التعلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">واستخدام
المثيرات الحسيه مع التركيز على المثيرات البصرية بشكـل مكثف أثناء عملية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التدريس وتصميم الجداول
المنظمة للمهام التعليمية والترفيهية للتلميذ تنظيماً جيداً ( التدريس المنظم ) . </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">دمج
الطفل في مجتمعه المحلي من خلال الأنشطة التعليمية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">والترفيهية المختلفة كالزيارات الميدانية لبعض المنشآت
والجهات والمؤسسات العامة والخاصة وتقديم الخدمات التربوية والتدريبية له في
البيئة الطبيعية قدر المستطاع .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التخطيط المنظم للحفاظ
على ما اكتسبه الطفل من مهارات بهدف زيادة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">فعاليتها واستخداماتها الوظيفية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن
يكون لكل خمسة إلى سبعة تلاميذ معلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ومساعد
معلم ( مع مراعاة الفروق الفردية بين الأطفال التوحديين من حيث درجة الإعاقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ومستوى الأداء ) .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن لا تقل حصص التعليم
والتدريب التي يتلقاها الطفل ذو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التوحد
عن (28) ساعة أسبوعياً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفير خدمات وبرامج
أثناء الإجازة الصيفية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 25.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تقسيم الأطفال إلى
مجموعات أو مستويات متقاربة حسب معايير العمر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الزمني والعقلي والسلوك ومهارات التواصل.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-75595523988057020932013-04-09T12:31:00.002-07:002013-04-29T11:19:01.152-07:00ما هي المستلزمات المكانية والتجهيزية التي ينبغي توافرها داخل برامج التوحد ؟<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ما هي المستلزمات المكانية والتجهيزية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التي ينبغي توافرها داخل برامج
التوحد ؟</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تشتمل
على ما يلي : </span></div>
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حسية ، صالة فنية ، صالة رياضية ، صالة تهيئة مهنية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مسبح .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وحدة
مصادر تعلم .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">كافتيريا
.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">حديقة
خارجية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">قاعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تدريبية
.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفر
الحاسبات الآلية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وسائل
تعليمية مثل : فيديو ،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تلفزيون
، مسجل ، وتجهيزات مثل قواطع متحركة ، طاولات مستديرة ، طاولات على شكل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">حدوة
فرس ، طاولات مستطيلة ، توفر دواليب وأرفف .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن تكون
دورات المياه مهيأة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">للأطفال
التوحديين .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن يكون
الفصل مهيأ للتدريس الفردي أو على مجموعات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">صغيرة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أن يقسم
الفصل إلى أركان وظيفية مثل : ركن العمل الفردي ، ركن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاسترخاء ، ركن العمل كمجموعات، ركن
التعزيز ... الخ .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفر
زجاج عاكس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لملاحظة
الأطفال من خارج الفصل .</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-65229175769033983222013-04-09T12:30:00.003-07:002013-04-29T11:20:02.217-07:00ماذا تقدم البرامج لأسرة الطفل ذوي التوحد ؟<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ماذا تقدم البرامج لأسرة الطفل ذوي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التوحد ؟</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفير المعلومات
الضرورية لأسرة الطفل حول إعاقته وطبيعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">احتياجاته .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">إتاحة الفرصة للأسرة
لملاحظة الطفل أثناء وجوده في البرنامج .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مشاركة الأسرة في إعداد
وتصميم وتنفيذ وتقويم البرنامج التربوي الفردي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">للتلميذ .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">توفير برامج تدريبية
لأسرة الطفل .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">إقامة لقاءات بين</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أولياء أمور التلاميذ
ذوي التوحد .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الالتحاق بأحد المراكز
المتخصصة ببرامج التدخل المبكر مهم جداً لتطبيق جميع ما ذكرناه أعلاه .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\PRESEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="21" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">نصيحتي
التي دائماً أوجهها للأهالي هو عدم ترك الطفل في فراغ أو مشاهدة التلفاز أو
الفيديو لساعات طويلة ، ولا بد من أن يكون هناك تنظيم للوقت واستغلاله في التعليم
وتطبيق برنامج منزلي هادف ، ففي الصباح عندما يغير ملابس النوم من الممكن تدريبه
على تغير البيجاما مثلاً ، كذلك في تناول طعام الإفطار ( تدريبه على أن يمسك
المعلقة بيده ) ، ثم الفترة الصباحية من الممكن تقسيمها للتدريب على إحدى
المهارات ، ثم السماح بمشاهدة الفيديو لمدة ساعة ، ثم في الغذاء محاولة التدريب
على الأكل ، ثم تدريب على أحد المهارات الأخرى ... وهكذا ، طبعاً مع تطبيق
التعزيزات المناسبة له وسوف يساعد على التعرف على هذه الأساليب الأخصائي التعليمي
أو المعلمة المختصة في مراكز التدخل المبكر .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-73639195201205161062013-04-08T12:56:00.002-07:002013-04-29T11:21:20.243-07:00نصائح لآباء ومعلمي الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد :<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">نصائح
لآباء ومعلمي الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يفكر كثير من الأشخاص
المصابين بالتوحد باستخدام التفكير المرئي ، حيث أفكر باستخدام الصور ، بدلاً من
اللغة أو الكلمات ، حيث تبدو أفكاري كشريط فيديو أراه في مخيلتي ، فالصور هي لغتي
الأولى ، والكلمات لغتي الثانية ، كما أن تعلم الأسماء أكثر سهولة من تعلم الأفعال
، حيث يمكنني أن أكون صورة في مخيلتي للاسم ، بينما من الصعب عمل ذلك بالنسبة لغير
الأسماء ، كما أنصح المعلمة أو المعلم بعرض الكلمات بصورة واضحة للطفل ، وذلك
باستخدام الألعاب مثلاً .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">حاول تجنب استخدام كلمات
كثيرة وأوامر أو تعليمات طويلة ، حيث يواجه الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد مشكلات في
تذكر تسلسل الكلمات ، وكذلك يمكن كتابة التعليمات على الورق إذا كان الطفل أو
الشخص يستطيع القراءة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لدى كثير من الأطفال المصابين
بالتوحد موهبة في الرسم والفن أو الكمبيوتر ، حاول تشجيع هذه المواهب وتطويرها .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">قد يركز الأطفال
المصابين بالتوحد على شيء ما يرفضون التخلي عنه ، كلعب القطارات أو الخرائط ،
وأفضل طريقة للتعامل مع ذلك هي استغلال ذلك من أجل الدراسة ، حيث يمكن استخدام القطارات
مثلاً لتعليم القراءة والحساب ، أو يمكن قراءة كتاب عن القطارات والقيام بحل بعض
المسائل الحسابية استخدام القطارات ، كعد مثلاً كم كيلومتر يفصل بين محطة وأخرى .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">استخدم طرق مرئية واضحة
لتعليم مفهوم الأرقام .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يواجه كثير من الأطفال
المصابين بالتوحد صعوبات في الكتابة ، بسبب صعوبات في التحكم بحركة اليد ، للتغلب
على شعور الطفل بالإحباط بسبب سوء خطه شجعه على الاستمتاع بالكتابة ، واستخدم
الكمبيوتر في الطباعة إذا أمكن ذلك .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">بعض الأطفال المصابين
بالتوحد يتعلمون القراءة بسهولة أكبر إذا استخدموا طريقة تعلم الحروف أولاً ،
بينما يتعلم البعض الآخر باستخدام الكلمات دون تعلم الحروف أولاً .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">بعض الأطفال لديهم
حساسية ضد الأصوات المرتفعة ، ولذلك يجب حمايتهم من الأصوات المرتفعة ( كصوت جرس
المدرسة مثلاً ) ، أو صوت تحريك الكراسي بحكها في الأرضية ، ويمكن التقليل من صوت
تحريك الكراسي بوضع سجادة فوق أرضية الفصل .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تسبب الأضواء العاكسة (
الوهاجة ) </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">fluorescent
lights</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> بعض الإزعاج لبعض الأطفال
المصابين بالتوحد ، ولتجنب هذه المشكلة ضع طاولة الطفل قرب النافذة ، أو تجنب
استخدام الأضواء العاكسة .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">بعض الأطفال المصابين
بالتوحد يعانون من فرط الحركة أيضاً (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Hyperactivity </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">،
حيث يتحركون كثيراً ، ويمكن التغلب على ذلك إذا تم إلباسهم صدرية أو معطف ثقيل
يقلل من حركتهم ( بوضع أكياس رز أو فول مثلاً لتزيد من وزن الصدرية أو المعطف ) ،
كما أن الضغط الناتج عن الوزن قد يساعد على تهدئة الطفل ، ولأفضل النتائج يجب أن
يرتدي الطفل الصدرية لمدة عشرين دقيقة ثم يتم خلعها لبضع دقائق .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يستجيب بعض الأطفال
المصابين بالتوحد بشكل أفضل ويتحسن الكلام عندهم إذا تواصل المعلم معهم بينما هم
يلعبون على أرجوحة أو كانوا ملفوفين في سجادة ، فالإحساس الناجم عن التأرجح أو
الضغط الصادر من السجادة قد يساعد على تحسين الحديث ، لكن يجب أن لا يُجبر الطفل
على اللعب بالأرجوحة إلا إذا كان راغباً بذلك .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">بعض الأطفال والكبار
المصابين بالتوحد ، ممن يستخدمون التواصل غير اللفظي ، لا يستطيعون معالجة
المعلومات الداخلة عن طريق الرؤية والسمع في نفس الوقت ، وذلك لا يستطيعون الرؤية
والسمع في نفس الوقت ، ولذلك يجب ألا يطلب منهم أن ينظروا وينصتوا في نفس الوقت .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تعتبر حاسة اللمس عند
كثير من الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد ممن يستخدمون التواصل غير اللفظي أكثر الحواس
فاعلية ، ولذلك يمكن تعليمهم الحروف بتعويدهم على لمس الأحرف المصنوعة من
البلاستيك ، كما يمكن أن يتعلموا جدولهم اليومي بلمس الأشياء الموجودة على الجدول
قبل بضع دقائق من موعد النشاط ، فمثلاً قبل 15 دقيقة من موعد الغداء قدم للشخص
ملعقة ليمسكها .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">في حال استخدام الحاسوب
في التعليم ، حاول وضع لوحة المفاتيح في أقرب مكان إلى الشاشة ، حيث إن بعضهم قد
لا يدرك أن عليه أن ينظر إلى الشاشة بعد الضغط على أحد المفاتيح .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">من السهل بالنسبة لبعض
الأشخاص ممن يستخدمون التواصل غير اللفظي الربط بين الكلمات والصور إذا رأوا
الكلمة مطبوعة تحت الصورة التي تمثلها ، وقد يجد بعض الأشخاص صعوبة في فهم
الرسومات ، حيث يفضلون استخدام الأشياء الحقيقية والصور في البداية .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">قد لا يدرك بعض الأشخاص
المصابين بالتوحد أن الكلام يستخدم كوسيلة للتواصل ، وذلك فإن تعلم اللغة يجب أن
يركز على تعزيز التواصل ، فإذا طلب الطفل كوباً فأعطه كوباً ، وإذا طلب طبقاً بينما
هو يريد كوباً ، أعطه طبقاً ، حيث يحتاج الطفل أن يتعلم أنه حينما ينطق بكلامٍ ما
فإن ذلك يؤدي إلى حدوث شيء ما .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">قد يجد كثير من الأشخاص
المصابين بالتوحد صعوبة في استخدام فأرة الحاسوب ، ولذا حاول استخدام أداة أخرى
لها زر منفصل للضغط<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>كالكرة الدائرية ، حيث
يجد بعض الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد ، ممن يواجهون مشاكل في التحكم العضلي ، صعوبة
في الضغط على الفأرة أثناء مسكها .</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">قام بتقديم
هذه النصائح<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>د. تمبل جراندن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Temple
Grandin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وهي
تحمل دكتوراه في علوم الحيوان ،<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ولديها
مخترعات كثيرة باسمها في هذا المجال ، كما أنها من أشهر الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد
عالي الكفاءة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">high
functioning autism</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> ،
وتحاضر حول التوحد في أماكن كثيرة من العالم<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>، كما قامت بتأليف بعض الكتب حول تجربتها الشخصية مع التوحد.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛ </span> </div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-57723009432260651042013-04-08T12:56:00.000-07:002013-04-29T11:23:43.818-07:00 الاتصال والتواصل مع الأطفال التوحديين ... ؛<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> الاتصال والتواصل مع الأطفال
التوحديين</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"> : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">هناك
أنماط معينة من أساليب الاتصال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تبدو
فعالة مع الأطفال الذين يعانون من اضطرابات التوحد منها ما يلي</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"> </span><span lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;">:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-AE" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-AE;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عندما
تتحدث إلى الطفل اجعله ينتبه إليك تماماً ، نادِ الطفل باسمه حتى يعرف أنك تتكلم
معه وحاول تقليل التشويش المحيط مثل صوت الراديو أو التلفاز عندما تتحدث مع الطفل
حتى يستطيع التركيز معك .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحدث
إلى الطفل بلغة مبسطة مستخدماً الكلمات الضرورية فقط .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لا تعده
بوعود قد لا تستطيع الوفاء بها .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الأطفال التوحديين استيعابهم ضعيف
بالنسبة إلى اللغة ولذلك فقد يصابون بالتشويش وربما الحزن إذا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">استخدمت
ألفاظ سخرية وتهكم معهم ، يجب الابتعاد دائماً عن عبارات مثل : " أنا
أمزح ، ساعدني ...الخ . </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">استخدم
مصطلحات ألفاظ محددة عند الكلام عن الوقت ، مثال ذلك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">بدلاً من قول " سنذهب للدكان فيما بعد "
قل " سوف نذهب للدكان الساعة الثالثة بعد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الظهر " وأما إذا كان الطفل لا يعرف
الوقت فقل له "سنذهب إلى الدكان بعد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الغداء .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">كن إيجابياً
ولا تحدث طفلك عما يجب ألا يفعله فقط وبدلاً من ذلك أخبره عما يجب أن يفعله
ومثال ذلك بدل أن تقول له " لا ترم ألعابك وتبعثرها على أرضية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الغرفة "
قل له " ضع ألعابك في الصندوق .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">امنح
الطفل التوحدي المزيد من الوقت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">لاستيعاب ( المعلومات السمعية ) حتى يمكنه
الإجابة حيث أن بعضهم بطيء في عملية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاستيعاب والفهم ويحتاج إلى مزيدٍ من الوقت
.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">استخدم
وسائل بصرية حيث أن بعض</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">المصابين بالتوحد لهم مهارات بصرية قوية وقد
يفهمون المعلومات التي تعرض لهم بوسيلة بصرية بصورة أفضل من تلك التي تعرض
لهم سماعياً ( شفهياً ) وهناك خيارات كثيرة في هذا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">المجال مثل استخدام الصور الفوتغرافية أو
الرموز أو البطاقات.</span></li>
</ol>
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛</span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-53307070090982269042013-04-08T12:55:00.002-07:002013-04-29T11:28:08.816-07:00مراجع في التوحد ... ؛<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;">مراجع في التوحد ... ؛</span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">إبراهيم زريقات (2004)، التوحد
الخصائص والعلاج، عمان: دار وائل للطباعة والنشر. بتصرف.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أحمد محمد الزعبي
(2000). التربية الخاصة للموهوبين و المعوقين وسبل رعايتهم. عمان: دار زهران للنشر</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">جمال الخطيب ومنى
الحديدي(1997) : المدخل إلى التربية الخاصة، الكويت: مكتبة الفلاح للنشر و
التوزيع.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">جوزيف ريزو وروبرت زابل
(1999) : تربية الأطفال المضطربين سلوكياً (النظرية والتطبيق) ، الجزء الأول ،
ترجمة عبد العزيز الشخص ، وزيدان السرطاوي ، العين ، دار الكتاب الجامعي .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">رمضان محمد القذافي
(1994) : سيكولوجية الإعاقة ، طرابلس: الجامعة المفتوحة.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">روبرت كوجل ولن كوجل
(2003). تدريس الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد "استراتيجيات التفاعل الايجابية
وتحسين فرص التعلم" ، ترجمة عبد العزيز السرطاوي ووائل أبو جودة، وأيمن خشان،
دبي: دار القلم للنشر و التوزيع.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">سميرة عبد اللطيف
السعد(1997) : دراسة حول تقدير والدي الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد للاحتياجات
التدريبية و التعليمية لأطفالهم في دولة الكويت و المملكة العربية السعودية. المجلة
التربوية، العدد الخامس و الأربعون، المجلد الثاني عشر. ص ص 33-70.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عبد الرحمن سيد سليمان
(2001) :اضطراب التوحد ، الطبعة الثانية ، القاهرة: مكتبة زهراء الشرق.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عبد الرحمن سيد
سليمان(1999) : سيكولوجية ذوى الحاجات الخاصة " أساليب التعرف والتشخيص"
، الجزء الثاني ، القاهرة: مكتبة زهراء الشرق.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 71.55pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">عبد الله بن محمد
الصبي(2003) : التوحد وطيف التوحد: أسبابه . أعراضه. كيفية التعامل معه ، سلسلة
التوعية الصحية(3) . الرياض: المؤلف.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ماجد السيد عمارة (2005)
: إعاقة التوحد بين التشخيص والتشخيص الفارق ، القاهرة : مكتبة زهراء الشرق .</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">محمد قاسم عبد
اله(2001). الطفل التوحدي أو الذاتوي (الانطواء حول الذات ومعالجته: اتجاهات
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">نادية إبراهيم أبو
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -63.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Ritvo,E.& Freeman,B.(1987). National
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">زريقات، إبراهيم،
(2004)، التوحد الخصائص والعلاج، عمان/ دار وائل للطباعة والنشر. بتصرف.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(16)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Mayo Clinic staff (2004):
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(17)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">www.autism-society.org</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(18)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الفهد، ياسر، (2001) التوحد/ مجلة المنال، عدد
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(19)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الشربيني، لطفي، 2000م.
أساليب جيدة لعلاج التوحد. مجلة الطب النفسي الإسلامي.العدد62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(20)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">السعد، سميرة 1997م.
دراسة حول تقدير والدي الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد . الكويت والسعودية، المجلة<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>التربوية العدد 45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(21)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">جولد جوريث 2000م. تعريف
الدراسة التشخيصية للاضطرابات الاجتماعية .الكويت، مركز الكويت للتوحد.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(22)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">جيليبرز وبيترز, التوحد
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(23)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><a href="http://www.autism-society.org/"><span dir="LTR" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.autism-society.org</span></a><span lang="AR-EG"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: list 17.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(24)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-9018834748881913422013-04-08T03:07:00.001-07:002013-04-29T11:51:01.374-07:00التوحد التعريف والبدايات ... ؛<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">التوحـــد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> <b> AUTISM</b></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: right 34.5pt 102.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
محمد ) طفل عمره 4 سنوات ولد ولادة طبيعية , وزنه كان 3 كيلو غرام ، تلقى رضاعة
طبيعية لمدة أربع أشهر، تقول ( أم محمد ) أن ابنها كان هادئ جداً عندما كان طفلاً
رضيعاً ، لا تسمع له صوت، ولا يوجد تفاعل بالنظر بينها وبينه، لم يستطع أن ينطق
بكلمة إلى أن صار عمره 3 سنوات، حالياً يستطيع أن يقول ( ماما، بابا، واحد، اثنين
، ثلاثة ) فقط مع أصوات غير مفهومة، عندما يريد شيئاً يأخذ بيدها إلى
الشيء الذي يريده، كثير من الأحيان لا يرد عليها عندما تناديه باسمه مع أنها
متأكدة من أنه يسمع، ينظر إليها أحياناً عندما تتحدث إليه ولكن ليس بشكل ثابت،
يقضى وقته بالجري والصراخ، لا يهتم بإخوته ولا يشاركهم ألعابهم، لا يهتم بوجود أحد
من أفراد العائلة، يحب أن يلف الأشياء ويقضي وقت طويل في ذلك، يحب أن يشاهد
أشرطة الفيديو بشكل كبير وهناك أشرطة معينة يحب تكرارها، متمسك بدمية يحملها معه
دائماً، له حركات بيده مثل الرفرفة تزيد عندما يكون متوتر . </span></div>
<div align="center" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: red; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مصطلح التوحد:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وهو مصطلح مترجم من اللغة الإنجليزية من كلمة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> (<span style="color: #3366ff;">AUTISM</span>) </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">والذي يعني
باللغة الإغريقية النفس الغير سوية فـ..</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(<span style="color: #3366ff;">AUT</span>)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>
تعني في الإغريقية ( <span style="color: red;">النفس </span>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>و... </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(<span style="color: #3366ff;">ISM</span>)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>
تعني الحالة الغير سوية، وترجم هذا المصطلح من قبل <span style="color: #3366ff;">الباحثين
العرب</span> إلى عدة مسميات:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الذاتية الطفولية.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الأوتيسية.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الانشغال بالذات.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاجترار.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">فصام الطفولة.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التمركز الذاتي.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الذهان الذاتي.</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">البدايات التاريخية لدراسة التوحد:</span><span dir="LTR" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اعتبر التوحد قديماَ من حالات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاضطراب العقلي أو
الفصام الطفولي أو الصمم والبكم وغيرها ، حتى اكتشف الطبيب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">النفسي الأمريكي ليو كانر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(
Kanner) </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>عام 1943م من بين مجموعة من الأطفال ذوي الإعاقة
العقلية الذين يتعامل معهم حيث تميز أحد عشر طفلاً منهم بأعراض تأخر وقصور في
القدرات المختلفة، وظل ينظر إليها على إنها قريبة الشبه بحالة انفصام </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Schizophrenia</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> برغم أنه لم يكن من بين أعراضها مظاهر الهلوسة أو التهيؤات التي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تعتبر أحد الأعراض
المميزة للفصام ، ولذا اعتبرت بعد ذلك فئة إعاقة مختلفة عنه ،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وأطلق عليها مصطلح
التوحد </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Autism</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> ، وبدأ اهتمام الدوائر النفسية والطبية ثم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التربوية بدراستها وإجراء البحوث عليها على مستوى العالم. </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: #632423; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 15.0pt;">(
إبراهيم زريقات ، 2004 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ما هو التوحد ومتى بدأ الاهتمام به ؟</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">يعد "التوحد" </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Autism</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> من أكثر الاضطرابات النمائية صعوبة بالنسبة للطفل نفسه، ولوالديه،
ولأفراد الأسرة الذين يعيشون معه، ويعود ذلك إلى أن هذا الاضطراب يتميز بالغموض
وبغرابة أنماط السلوك المصاحبة له، وبتداخل بعض مظاهره السلوكية مع بعض أعراض
إعاقات واضطرابات أخرى ؛ فضلا عن أن هذا الاضطراب يحتاج إلى إشراف ومتابعة مستمرة
من الوالدين.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ومما يجدر ذكره أن هناك تعريفات للتوحد
يصعب على المرء حصرها، ويتبين لمن يستعرض هذه التعريفات أن تعريف المفهوم من
الصعوبة بمكان، وأن صعوبة تحديده تلقي بظلالها الكثيفة على تشخيصه و تقويمه (من
بين هذه التعريفات على سبيل المثال لا الحصر: عبد المنعم الحفني (1978)؛ ريتفو
وفريمان(1978)؛ عادل الأشول (1987) ؛ جابر وكفافي (1988) ؛ الشخص والدماطي (1992)؛
كريستين مايلز (1994)؛ القريوتي والسرطاوي والصمادي(1995)؛ إسماعيل بدر (1997)؛
عبد الرحمن سليمان(1999)؛ أميرة بخش(2000)؛ أحمد الزعبي(2000) ؛ عبد الرحمن سليمان
(2001)؛ كمال سيسالم( 2002)؛ عبد الله الصبي (2003)، وفاء الشامي (2004)؛ ماجد
عمارة( 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ولقد اقترح <span style="color: blue;">رتغو
وفريمان </span>عام (1978م) أن التوحد اضطراب أو متلازمة يعرف سلوكيا، وأن الأعراض
الاساسية يجب أن تظهر قبل أن يصل عمر الطفل إلى (30) شهرا ويتضمن:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اضطراب
في سرعة أو تتابع النمو.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اضطراب
في الاستجابات الحسية للمثيرات.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اضطراب
في الكلام واللغة والسعة المعرفية.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اضطراب
في التعلق أو الانتماء للناس والأحداث والموضوعات.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وقد تبنت هذا التعريف الجمعية الوطنية للأطفال التوحديين</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(<span style="color: blue;">National Society For Autistic Children
:NSAC</span>)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>، وعرف قانون
التربية الخاصة للأفراد المعوقين </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span style="color: blue;">IDEA</span>)</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">التوحد : أنه
عبارة عن إعاقة نمائية تؤثر تأثيرا بالغا على التواصل اللفظي وغير اللفظي.<span style="color: maroon;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt;">( </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="color: #993366; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt;">إبراهيم زريقات
2004 )</span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ويعرف فريق <span style="color: #3366ff;">مايو
كلينك </span>(2004م) التوحد بأنه اختلال دماغي يسبب نوع من المشاكل التطورية في
الأطفال تتضمن نقص في المهارات الاجتماعية، وتطور اللغة، وسلوك شاذ، ويظهر كتأخر
في التطور<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>أو ارتداد في التطور مع نقص
الاهتمام بالآخرين، وتظهر الأعراض يعمر ثلاث سنوات، وهو نمو غير طبيعي ينتج عنه
إعاقة مستديمة تحدث قبل 36 شهرا من عمر الطفل وتؤثر في جوانب عديدة في الطفل تؤدي
إلى ضعف العلاقات الاجتماعية والتواصل اللغوي والحسي مع الآخرين إضافة إلى محدودية
الاهتمامات والنشاطات.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ويعرف وفقا <span style="color: #3366ff;">للجمعية
الأمريكية</span> للتوحد على أنه إعاقة نمائية (تطورية) تظهر دائما في الثلاث
سنوات الأولى من العمر، نتيجة للاضطرابات العصبية التي تؤثر على وظائف المخ
ويتداخل مع النمو الطبيعي فيؤثر في الأنشطة العقلية في مناطق التفكير، التفاعل
الاجتماعي، والتواصل.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">وبوجه عام، يمكن لمن يمعن النظر في هذه
التعريفات أن يخرج بنتيجة مفادها أنه يجب ألا يطلق على الأطفال الذين يتجنبون
التواصل مع الآخرين فقط نتيجة خوفهم منهم، لكنه يمكن أن يصيب الطفل العادي من أي
مستوى من مستويات الذكاء، سواء من أصحاب الذكاء المرتفع، أم كان متخلفا عقليا أم
كان من متوسطي الذكاء.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">وأيضا يمكن من خلال
التعريفات السابقة، وإضافة إلى التطورات التي طرأت على هذا المفهوم، النظر إليه
على أنه من الاضطرابات التي تلحق بعملية النمو، سواء في سرعتها خلال سنوات النمو ،
لاسيما في الطفولة المبكرة، وعليه يمكن تعريف الطفل التوحدي بأنه <span style="color: #002060;">"</span><span style="color: #6c3304;">ذلك الطفل الذي
يعاني من اضطراب في النمو قبل سن الثالثة من العمر، بحيث يظهر على شكل انشغال دائم
وزائد بذاته أكثر من الانشغال بمن حوله، واستغراق في التفكير ، مع ضعف في
الانتباه،<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>وضعف في التواصل ، كما يتميز
بنشاط حركي زائد، ونمو لغوي بطيء ، وتكون استجابة الطفل ضعيفة للمثيرات الحسية
الخارجية، ويقاوم التغيير في بيئته، مما يجعله أكثر حاجة للاعتماد على غيره ،
والتعلق بهم</span><span style="color: #002060;">"</span><span style="color: #6c3304;">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ويمكن من خلال هذا التعريف، وعلاوة على
التعريفات السابقة القول بأنها تركز على العديد من المظاهر السلوكية التي ينفرد
بها الأطفال التوحديين، وتتوافر في كافة الكتابات التي تناولت تعريفهم وتشخيصهم
وهذه المظاهر السلوكية هي:</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أنه اضطراب يظهر في سن
الثالثة من عمر الطفل.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أنه اضطراب يتميز بمظاهر
نمائية تميزه عن غيره من قبيل: الانشغال الزائد بالذات، وقلة الاهتمام بالآخرين،
وضعف الاستجابة للمثيرات الحسية من حوله، وأنه روتيني في أدائه للأعمال و يقاوم
التغيير بشدة، ويؤثر العزلة، وأنشطته محدودة جداً، وأنه في احتياج إلى الاعتماد
على الآخرين و التعلق بهم، وأن نشاطه الحركي قد يكون زائدا عن المعتاد و يتميز
بأنه نشاط غير هادف.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft Uighur";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">أنه اضطراب ينظر إليه في
الوقت الحاضر على أنه ينقسم إلى خمسة أنواع فرعية هي ما يسميه بعض الباحثين طيف
التوحد:</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">الاضطراب التوحدي
التقليدي ــ أي كما أشار إليه ليوكانر<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Classic
Autistic Disorder</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اضطراب ريت </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Rhett's
Disorder</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اضطراب اسبيرجر </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Asperser's
Disorder</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اضطراب التحطم الطفولى (
أو تفكك الشخصية وعدم تكاملها في مرحلة الطفولة). </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Childhood</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Disintegrative
Disorder</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اضطراب نمائي عام غير
محدد </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Pervasive
Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>( PDD-NOS)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Microsoft Uighur"; font-size: 18.0pt;">تحيتي ومودتي ... أيمن ... ؛ </span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-652026012836477180.post-38260587628567967342013-04-05T12:23:00.007-07:002013-04-05T12:23:50.862-07:00سما 7<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">ستظل الكتابة هماً يؤرق كل أصحاب الرسالات، وسيبقى الحرف وستبقى الكلمة وسيفنى الجميع تباعاً، فما أروع أن تخلق فكرة وأن تحمل هماً، وما أجمل أن تنشر تلك الفكرة، لكن الأجمل أن تجد من تقتسم معه ذلك الهم، وسيظل الحرف وستظل الكلمة أسمى شيء، لكن أسمى ذلك الأسمى أن تحتضن تلك الكلمة ـ دون تردد ـ عين تشاركك نفس الهم.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09680675601668810306noreply@blogger.com1