Downs Syndrome ... ؛

Downs Syndrome

 

 

 

 

 

 

Down Syndrome is usually suspected after birth as a result of the baby's appearance.
There are many physical characteristics which form the basis for suspecting an infant has Down syndrome.
Many of these characteristics are found, to some extent, in the general population of individuals who do not have Down syndrome.
Hence, if Down syndrome is suspected, careful evaluation is required to confirm the diagnosis.
Some infants with Down syndrome have only a few of these traits, while others have many. Among the most common traits are:

Muscle hypotonia, low muscle tone.
Flat facial profile, a somewhat depressed nasal bridge and a small nose.
Oblique palpebral fissures, an upward slant to the eyes.
Dysplastic ear, an abnormal shape of the ear.

A single deep crease across the center of the palm.

Cause

As yet it is not know what causes the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It can come from either the mother or the father. There is no way of predicting whether a person is more or less likely to make and egg or sperm with 24 chromosomes.

Down Syndrome is therefore usually caused by an error in cell division called non-disjunction. However, two other types of chromosomal abnormalities, mosaicism and translocation, are also implicated in Down syndrome - although to a much lesser extent. Regardless of the type of Down syndrome which a person may have, all people with Down syndrome have an extra, critical portion of the number 21 chromosome present in all, or some, of their cells. This additional genetic material alters the course of development and causes the characteristics associated with the syndrome.

Treatment
There is no medical treatment for Down's Syndrome. However specialized care and assistance is helpful is assisting the individual.

Hyperflexibility, an excessive ability to extend the joints.
Dysplastic middle phalanx of the fifth finger, fifth finger has one flexion furrow instead of two.
Epicanthal folds, small skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes.
Excessive space between large and second toe.
Enlargement of tongue in relationship to size of mouth.

What causes communication disorders ... ؟؟؟

 What causes communication disorders
؟؟؟؟؟؟

?What are communication disorders

There are several different types of communication disorders, including the following:

expressive language disorder
Expressive language disorder identifies developmental delays and difficulties in the ability to produce speech.

mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder identifies developmental delays and difficulties in the ability to understand spoken language and produce speech.

?What causes communication disorders

Communication disorders may be developmental or acquired. The cause may be related to biological problems such as abnormalities of brain development, or possibly by exposure to toxins during pregnancy, such as abused substances or environmental toxins such as lead. A genetic factor is sometimes considered a contributing cause in some cases.

?Who is affected by communication disorders

For unknown reasons, boys are diagnosed with communication disorders more often than girls. Children with communication disorders frequently have other psychiatric disorders as well.

?What are the symptoms of communication disorders

?The following are the most common symptoms of communication disorders.However, each child may experience symptoms differently.

Young children with communication disorders may not speak at all, or may have a limited vocabulary for their age. Some children with communication disorders have difficulty understanding simple directions or are unable to name objects. Most children with communication disorders are able to speak by the time they enter school, however, they continue to have problems with communication.

School-aged children often have problems understanding and formulating words. Teens may have more difficulty with understanding or expressing abstract ideas.

The symptoms of communication disorders may resemble other problems or medical conditions. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.

?How are communication disorders diagnosed

?Most children with communication disorders are first referred for speech and language evaluations when their delays in communicating are noted. A child psychiatrist is usually consulted, especially when emotional or behavioral problems are also present. A comprehensive evaluation also involves psychometric testing (testing designed to assess logical reasoning abilities, reactions to different situations, and thinking performance; not tests of general knowledge) and psychological testing of cognitive abilities.

:Treatment for communication disorders

Specific treatment for communication disorders will be determined by your child's physician, special education teachers, and speech/language and mental health professionals based on:

your child's age, overall health, and medical history

extent of the disorder

type of disorder

your child's tolerance for specific medications or therapies

expectations for the course of the disorder

your opinion or preference

A coordinated effort between parents, teachers, and speech/language and mental health professionals provides the basis for individualized treatment strategies that may include individual or group remediation, special classes, or special resources. Two approaches are usually considered. Remedial techniques are used to increase communication skills in the areas of the deficit. A second approach helps the child build on his/her strengths to circumvent his/her communication deficit.

:Prevention of communication disorders

Specific preventive measures to reduce the incidence of communication disorders are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can address the developmental needs and academic difficulties to improve the quality of life experienced by children with communication disorders.

The brain is complex and our understanding is very limited. For the majority of communication disorders we do not yet understand the cause. However, we do have an understanding of how to help many children to maximize their speech and language development.

A few known causes of communication disorders are:

Hearing impairment - full or partial hearing impairment may cause difficulty in speech and language development. An assessment of hearing is one of the first steps in the investigation of speech and language problems.

Physical disability - cleft lip and palate, or malformations of the mouth or nose may cause communication disorders. More involved disabilities, such as severe cerebral palsy, may preclude any speech at all and for these non-verbal children augmentative communication methods must be used.

Developmental disability - some children (not all) with a developmental disability or Down's Syndrome may be slower to learn to talk and may need extra assistance.

Children with learning disabilities may have communication disorders. Many learning disabled children have difficulty with receptive or expressive language. Without appropriate intervention children with communication disorders are at high risk for educational failure.

Children with Pervasive Development Disorders (P.D.D.), or Autism spectrum disorders will also have communication disorders. Many children with PDD or Autism have difficulty with social skills and their behaviour and conversation skills may be limited or inappropriate. Often there is an associated language disorder.

Children with significant behaviour or emotional problems may also have a communication disorder. In some cases the behaviour problems are extreme and the focus on the safety and security of the child is the priority. However, evaluation by qualified professionals, including Speech-Language Pathologist, often reveal language disorders which have not been recognized or treated.

Speech-Language Pathologists ... ؛

Speech-Language Pathologists

Speech-language pathologists are individuals trained to prevent diagnose and/or rehabilitate a wide variety of speech, language and swallowing difficulties. These speech and language experts work to make all forms of communication more fluent and efficient for individuals suffering from speech and language difficulties and disorders, including verbal speech, written communication, reading and spelling skills.
In the United Kingdom, speech-language pathologists may also be called speech and language pathologists, speech pathologists, speech and language therapists or even simply speech therapists.

Training for Speech-Language Pathologists
In the United Kingdom all speech-language pathologists complete a degree course and must register with the Health Professions Council. Most speech-language pathologists will also be a part of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, the representative body for the profession. Thus, all speech-language pathologists may be “investigated” via these two organisations to ensure that they are in good standing within the profession.

Speech -Language Therapy
Speech-language pathologists lead speech-language therapy sessions that benefit a variety of individuals, including those who have difficulty speaking, listening, reading and/or writing. Very often the individuals attending speech-language therapy are children, as it is during childhood when delays or difficulties in speech and language skills usually first become apparent. In particular, those who have trouble learning the alphabet and/or the sounds of particular letters, syllables or words, those who have difficulty learning or using new vocabulary, and/or those who are unable to comprehend written or spoken language may all attend speech-language therapy sessions.

What occurs during individual speech-language therapy sessions will depend upon many variables. The length of the therapy session (usually between a half hour and one hour), the location of the therapy session, the age of the individual involved, whether the therapy session is private or involves a group, and the type of speech or language difficulty that is being treated will all affect the activities engaged in during sessions.

A variety of activities may be employed, including sound or word repetitions, rhymes, conversational activities, reading and comprehension activities, puzzles, word or sentence scrambles, and reading aloud. Depending on the age of the client, play time activities and school work may also be the basis of a session. If a child is being treated, parents may be asked to attend sessions as well to familiarise themselves with the activities so that they may be engaged in consistently at home.

Speech-language pathologists are experienced in providing a range of activities during individual therapy sessions, as well as teaching individuals and their parents how to replicate the activities at home in order to practice before the next session.

Further Information
A number of organisations exist to support individuals with speech disorders in the UK. The British Stammering Association (www.stammering.org), (www.speakability.org.uk) and Talking Point (www.talkingpoint.org.uk) will all be able to provide further information about speech-language therapy and speech-language pathologists.

Those interested in learning more about practicing speech-language pathologists should contact the Health Professions Council (www.hpc-uk.org) and/or the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (www.rcslt.org). Anyone interested in pursuing a career in speech-language pathology should also contact the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists.

http://www.speechdisorder.co.uk/Speech-Language-Pathologists.html

Speech-Language Therapy ... ؛

Speech-Language Therapy

 

Speech-language therapy is a term commonly employed to describe courses of therapy that address both verbal speech concerns as well as difficulties with verbal and/or written language. Often this type of therapy is simply referred to as speech therapy though there is a language dimension included as well. Below are some answers to frequently asked questions about speech-language therapy in the United Kingdom.

?What Is Speech-Language Therapy

Speech-language therapy is the therapeutic treatment of speech and language difficulties and disorders. This therapy that helps to prevent, diagnose and/or rehabilitate an individual’s speech and language difficulties.

?Who Attends Speech-Language Therapy

A variety of individuals with different speech and language difficulties attend speech-language therapy sessions. Individuals who have difficulty speaking, listening, reading and/or writing may all benefit from such therapy. Very often the individuals attending speech-language therapy are children, as this is when delays or difficulties in language skills first become apparent. In particular, those who have trouble learning the alphabet and/or the sounds of particular letters, syllables or words, those who have difficulty learning or using new vocabulary, and/or those who are unable to comprehend written or spoken language may all attend speech-language therapy sessions.

?Where Does Speech-Language Therapy Take Place

Speech-language therapy may take place in a wide variety of locations including in a private therapist’s office, at hospital, at school, at an individual’s home or even in a public hall or community centre for group sessions.

?What Occurs During Speech-Language Therapy Sessions

What occurs during a speech-language therapy session will depend upon many variables. The length of the therapy session (usually between a half hour and one hour), the location of the therapy session, the age of the individual involved, whether the therapy session is private or involves a group, and the type of speech or language difficulty or disorder that is being treated will all affect the activities engaged in during sessions.

A variety of activities may be employed, including sound or word repetitions, rhymes, conversational activities, reading and comprehension activities, puzzles, word or sentence scrambles, and reading aloud. Depending on the age of the client, play time activities and school work may also be the basis of a session. If a child is being treated, parents may be asked to attend sessions as well to familiarise themselves with the activities so that they may be engaged in consistently at home.

?How Long Does Speech-Language Therapy Last

Individual speech therapy-language sessions usually last between 30 and 60 minutes. The length of the overall course of speech-language therapy will depend upon the individual’s needs. Generally when speech-language therapy is begun there is no set time limit given for when it will end.


?Who Leads Speech-Language Therapy Sessions

Trained, qualified speech and language therapists (or pathologists) lead speech-language therapy sessions. In the UK, all speech and language therapists complete a degree course and must register with the Health Professions Council. Most speech and language therapists will also be a part of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, the representative body for the profession.

?How Can I Learn More About Speech-Language Therapy

A number of organisations exist to support individuals with speech and language difficulties and disorders in the United Kingdom and these organisations may be able to provide further information on speech-language therapy. Christopher Place, The Speech, Language and Hearing Centre (www.speech-lang.org.uk) and Talking Point (www.talkingpoint.org.uk) are just a two of these organisations.

http://www.speechdisorder.co.uk/Spee...e-Therapy.html

قصة ... الفراشة ... ؛

قصـــة ... الفراشــة

وجد رجل شرنقة فراشة

فأخذ يراقبها إلى أن رأى ثقب صغير يظهر فى الشرنقة

وجلس يشاهد الفراشة لعدة ساعات

وهى تحاول بشدة أن تخرج جسمها من الثقب الصغير

ثم توقفت الفراشة من التعب

وبدا عليها انها لا تستطيع أن تحاول مجدداً

قرر الرجل مساعدة الفراشة فأحضر مقصاً

وقص الشرنقة

فاستطاعات الفراشة الخروج بسهولة

لكن كان جسمها متورم واجنحتها ذابلة

استمر الرجل بمراقبتها

متوقعاً أن الاجنحة ستكبر كي تستطيع دعم جسم الفراشة

ولم يحدث أي شئ،

لقد أصبحت الفراشة عاجزة عن الطيران ما تبقى من عمرها

ما لم يفهمه الرجل بسبب لطفة وعجلته

أن المقاومة والكفاح المبذول من الفراشة

كان يدفع الدماء من جسم الفراشة إلى الاجنحة

لكى تكون جاهزة للطيران

؟؟؟؟!!!!!

العبــرة

أحياناً الصراعات هي ما نحتاجه فى حياتنا

فالعيش بدون عقبات يضعفنا

ويجعلنا لا نملك القوة التى ستمكننا من الطيران

تحيتي ومودتي

مالكوم إكس - MALCOLM X ... الرجل الذي مات واقفاً ... جزء ـ 2 ـ ... ؛

كان ساعداً لا يمل
وذراعاً لا تكّل من القوة والنشاط والعنفوان
حتى استطاع جذب الكثيرين للانضمام إلى هذه الحركة

رغب مالكوم أكس في تأدية الحج
وعندما سافر رأى الإسلام الصحيح عن كثب
وتعرف على حقيقته

وأدرك ضلال المذهب العنصري الذي كان يعتنقه ويدعو إليه
فاعتنق الدين الإسلامي الصحيح
وأطلق على نفسه
- الحاج مالك الشباز -

وعندما عاد نذر نفسه للدعوة إلى الإسلام الحقيقي
وحاول تصحيح مفاهيم جماعة - أمة الإسلام -
الضالة المضلة
إلا أنه قوبل بالعداء والكراهية منهم
وبدءوا في مضايقته وتهديده فلم يأبه لذلك
وظل يسير في خطى واضحة راسخة يدعو للإسلام الصحيح
الذي يقضي على جميع أشكال العنصرية
وفي إحدى خطبه البليغة التي كان يقيمها للدعوة إلى الله
أبى الطغاة إلا أن يخرسوا صوت الحق
فقد اغتالته أيديهم وهو واقف على المنصة يخطب بالناس
عندما انطلقت ست عشرة رصاصة غادرة نحو جسده النحيل الطويل
وعندها كان الختام
ولنعم الختام
نسأل الله أن يتقبله في عداد الشهداء يوم القيامة



وبعد هذا كله ألا يحق لنا أن نسأل
من هو مالكوم أكس؟

مالكوم إكس - MALCOLM X ... الرجل الذي مات واقفاً ... جزء ـ 1 ـ ... ؛

مالكوم إكس - MALCOLM X
الرجل الذي مات واقفاً
أشد السود غضباً في أميريكا

لو استوقفت إحدى فتيات المسلمين أو أحد شباب المسلمين
في هذا العصر
ثم وجهت السؤال التالي:
هل تعرف/تعرفين من هو مايكل جاكسون؟
لكانت الإجابة على الفور بأنه مطرب أمريكي مشهور ينتمي إلى الأمريكان السود
ولكن لو وجهت إليها سؤالاً عن شخص أمريكي آخر من السود وهو
مالكوم أكس
لوجدتِ علامات الدهشة والاستغراب تعلو وجهها
وعندها لن تحّر جواباً
فمن هو هذا الشخص المدعو
مالكوم أكس
الذي يجهله أكثر شباب الأمة الإسلامية ؟
وما الذي يهمنا في أمره؟
إن هذه الشخصية الهامة كان لها فضل كبير - بعد الله -
في نشر الدين الإسلامي بين الأمريكان السود
في الوقت الذي كان السود في أمريكا يعانون بشدة
من التميز العنصري بينهم وبين البيض
فكانوا يتعرضون لأنواع الذل والمهانة
ويقاسون ويلات العذاب وصنوف الكراهية منهم
في هذا المناخ المضطرب الذي يموج بكل ألوان القهر والإذلال

ولد مالكوم أكس لأب كان قسيساً في إحدى الكنائس
وأم من جزر الهند الغربية
وعندما بلغ السادسة من عمره
قُتل والده على أيدي البيض
بعد أن هشموا رأسه ووضعوه في طريق حافلة كهربائية دهمته حتى فارق الحياة
فبدأت أحوال أسرة مالكوم أكس تتردى بسرعة
مادياً ومعنوياً
وباتوا يعيشون على الصدقات والمساعدات الاجتماعية من البيض
والتي كانوا يماطلون في إعطائها
ومع هذه الظروف القاسية
عانت والدة مالكوم أكس من صدمة نفسية تطورت
حتى أدخلت مستشفى للأمراض العقلية قضت فيه بقية حياتها
فتجرع مالكوم أكس وأخواته الثمانية مرارة فقد الأب والأم معاً
وأصبحوا أطفالاً تحت رعاية الدولة التي قامت بتوزيعهم على بيوت مختلفة
في هذه الأثناء التحق مالكوم أكس بمدرسة قريبة كان فيها هو الزنجي الوحيد
كان ذكياً نابهاً تفوق على جميع أقرانه
فشعر أساتذته بالخوف منه مما حدا بهم إلى تحطيمه نفسياً ومعنوياً
والسخرية منه خاصة عندما رغب في استكمال دراسته في مجال القانون
وكانت هذه هي نقطة التحول في حياته
فقد ترك بعدها المدرسة
وتنقل بين الأعمال المختلفة المهينة التي تليق بالزنوج
من نادل في مطعم
فعامل في قطار
إلى ماسح أحذية في المراقص
حتى أصبح راقصاً مشهوراً يشار إليه بالبنان
وعندها استهوته حياة الطيش والضياع
فبدأ يشرب الخمر وتدخين السجائر
وكان يجد في لعبة القمار المصدر الرئيسي لتوفير أمواله
إلى أن وصل به الأمر لتعاطي المخدرات بل والاتجار فيها
ومن ثم سرقة المنازل والسيارات
كل هذا وهو لم يبلغ الواحدة والعشرين من عمره بعد
حتى وقع هو ورفاقه في قبضة الشرطة
فأصدروا بحقه حكماً مبالغاً فيه بالسجن لمدة عشر سنوات
بينما لم تتجاوز فترة السجن بالنسبة للبيض خمس سنوات
وفي السجن انقطع مالكوم أكس عن التدخين أو أكل لحوم الخنزير
وعكف على القراءة والإطلاع
إلى درجة أنه التهم آلاف الكتب في شتى صنوف المعرفة
فأسس لنفسه ثقافة عالية مكنته من استكمال جوانب النقص في شخصيته
خلال ذلك الوقت
اعتنق جميع إخوة مالكوم أكس الدين الإسلامي على يد الرجل المسمى
السيد - محمد إلايجا - أو - إليجا محمد -

والذي كان يدَّعي أنه المهدي المنتظر وأنه نبي من عند الله مرسل للسود فقط!!
وسعوا لإقناع مالكوم أكس بالدخول في الإسلام بشتى الوسائل والسبل حتى أسلم
فتحسنت أخلاقه وسمت شخصيته

وأصبح يشارك في الخطب والمناظرات داخل السجن للدعوة إلى الإسلام
حتى صدر بحقه عفو وأطلق سراحه لئلا يبقى يدعو للإسلام داخل السجن
كان مالكوم أكس ينتسب إلى
حركة - أمة الإسلام -
والتي كان لديها مفاهيم مغلوطة
وأسس عنصرية منافية للإسلام رغم اتخاذها له كشعار براق وهو منها براء
فقد كانت تتعصب للعرق الأسود وتجعل الإسلام حكراً عليه فقط
دون بقية الأجناس
في الوقت الذي كانوا يتحلون فيه بأخلاق الإسلام الفاضلة
وقيمه السامية

أي أنهم أخذوا من الإسلام مظهره وتركوا جوهره ومخبره
استمر مالكوم أكس في صفوف - أمة الإسلام -
يدعو إلى الانخراط فيها بخطبه البليغة
وشخصيته القوية

يتبع ... للموضوع بقية ... ؛

تحيتي ومودتي

فكان ساعداً لا يمل
وذراعاً لا تكّل من القوة والنشاط والعنفوان
حتى استطاع جذب الكثيرين للانضمام إلى هذه الحركة